摘要:

Medical surveillance of workers exposed to potential respiratory hazards may be a valuable tool in early recognition and prevention of certain occupational lung diseases. The use of pulmonary function tests, particularly spirometry, has been widely accepted as an integral part of respiratory surveillance. A National Aeronautics and Space Administration contract report on the Occupational Safety and Health Administration medical and workplace surveillance requirements and recommendations by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is a recent detailed study of medical surveillance requirements and recommendations (unpublished study, 1983).This paper is a brief guide for those in the medical profession attempting to establish or improve their medical surveillance programs for occupational respiratory diseases. It describes procedures to use and techniques for interpreting test results, and finally includes a study of normal reference values. In addition, the references should provide additional information for establishing a respiratory medical surveillance program.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This paper will provide an introduction to the concept of ecogenetics, including its historical foundations. Specific genetic conditions (more than 30), including those involving RBCs and liver conditions, serum proteins, skin disorders, DNA repair diseases, and others that either theoretically or experimentally have been shown to enhance susceptibility to toxic substances, will be identified and evaluated with respect to their capacity to enhance risk, their frequency in the population, and their ability to be identified in screening tests.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

During the past two decades a number of inherited polymorphic proteins and enzymes have been identified in different ethnic groups. Certain biochemical markers appear to be associated with susceptibility to harmful effects of the environment. This paper reviews the potential for using these markers to determine whether affected persons ought to be excluded from certain jobs or from the environment(s) of specific settings in the workplace. This paper will also attempt to identify the criteria that should be used before it is scientifically and ethically justified to use these markers to “protect” workers and/or persons from harm by not allowing them to work in a specific setting or with specific agents to which they have been deemed to be at special risk for injury.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Using several examples of genetic marker and disease associations in the workplace, the authors have applied formulas to estimate the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) of screening for these markers. Sensitivity, specificity, and PPV are affected independently by characteristics of the population being screened, ie, the genetic marker frequency, the disease frequency, and the magnitude of the relative risk (R).For a given disease frequency, when the genetic marker is less frequent than the disease, PPV increases with relative risk, although sensitivity remains low. When the genetic marker is more frequent than the disease, PPV remains low while sensitivity increases with R. When marker and disease frequencies are equal, PPV and sensitivity are equal and increase with R. However, when the disease frequency is very low, R must approach 100 before PPV or sensitivity approaches 50%. These relationships may be used effectively in the decision whether to implement a screening program in the workplace.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Structural changes in chromosomes were one of the first recognized forms of genetic injury resulting from exposure to physical and chemical agents. Depending on the lesions induced in the DNA, and therefore, on the nature of the genotoxic substances, damage to chromosomes falls into two categories, structural aberrations and sister chromatid exchange (SCE). Because these two end points respond differently to chromatin lesions, they are complementary in any study designed to identify potential exposure. The circulating lymphocyte in the human is an appropriate cell type in which to measure cyto-genetic changes because it is readily accessible, carries genotoxic substances and their metabolites throughout the body, is long-lived, and can integrate exposure. In animal and human studies, it has been shown that both SCEs and aberrations can persist in the lymphocyte following acute or chronic exposure.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A new tool for the study of occupational carcinogenesis is “molecular dosimetry” or biomonitoring to establish the biologically effective dose of carcinogens in workers. Human monitoring of biologically effective dose and preclinical response has the potential to flag the need for protective measures and/or surveillance. Comparable biologically effective dose and preclinical response data in humans and laboratory animals for whom tumor incidence is known can also enhance risk extrapolation between species. This paper will provide a brief overview of biomonitoring methods now under development, including advantages, limitations, applications to date, and research needs. Application to the monitoring of worker populations requires careful thought about the use to which monitoring data will be put.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID