ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

It has been suggested that the more than 1 million black Americans with the A-variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) are at risk for adverse hematologic effects due to inhalation of ambient levels of oxidant gases. To evaluate this hypothesis studies were performed that included direct exposure of human G6PD-deficient red cells, and of mouse strains with different G6PD levels, to the oxidant gases ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Using the oxidant drug phenylhydrazine in part as a point of comparison, conservative extrapolation of the data indicates that exposure to levels of ozone or nitrogen dioxide at least one and probably two orders of magnitude above the LD50would be required for any hematologic effect to be observed of pertinence to G6PD deficiency. It is concluded that there is no reason to remove or preclude from the workplace black employees with the common A-variant of red cell G6PD deficiency who potentially are exposed to oxidant gases.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to identify variables associated with traumatic amputations in the workplace. Case files of work-related amputations in Minnesota during 1977 were accessed in cooperation with the Workers' Compensation Division of Minnesota. Data analysis was conducted by computer using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences.Of the 109 amputation cases, a mean age of 31 years (range 16 to 80) was identified; 50% of all cases were below the age of 25 years. By gender, males accounted for five times as many cases as females. Operatives incurred the largest number of amputations (40%); yet, they account for only 14% of the total work force. Manufacturing accounted for a majority (43.4%) of the traumatic amputations while including only 18 percent of the work force.Prevention strategies employed subsequent to the injuries included: training only (32.1%), engineering controls (10.1%), and mixed strategies (3.0%); further analysis revealed that although application of passive controls to the specific source (eg, machine) of the injury would have been most appropriate, training was frequently the only intervention incorporated. Recommendations, including Haddon's strategies for prevention and control of amputations are presented.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study investigated whether occupational exposure in pulp and paper mills or geographic proximity to mills was associated with an increase in risk for respiratory disease hospitalizations. Three years (1980 to 1982) of 100% age- and sex-adjusted hospital admission rates for selected respiratory diagnoses were calculated for 66 Maine towns located between 0 and 15 miles for seven Kraft mills and four groundwood pulp and paper mills. Additional data collected for each town included the number of production workers at each mill, mill proximity, insurance coverage, hospital distance, bed size, fulltime equivalent physicians, unemployment and income rates. Regression results provide evidence that occupational exposure may be a significant factor in hospitalizations for respiratory infections, bronchitis and asthma, and respiratory signs and symptoms, although potential confounders (smoking, commercial health insurance) need to be examined.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Existing methods for estimating lung burdens of radionuclides with low-energy γ or x-ray emissions have limitations in their accuracy and availability. In this study, we evaluated the utility of bronchoalveolar lavage and assay of radioactivity in recovered lavage fluid as a bioassay tool to estimate lung burdens of plutonium. Six adult beagles briefly inhaled a polydisperse aerosol of230PuO2, treated at 1150°C, to achieve individual lung burdens of about 200 nCi. On the sixth day after exposure, a portion of each lung lobe of each dog was lavaged with 50 ml of saline. The dogs were killed, and tissue samples were obtained for radiochemical analysis. Using the relationship between regional deposition patterns of aerosols and the measured recoveries of plutonium in each lavage sample, the lung burden of each dog was estimated. The mean ratio for the lung burden estimates using lavage samples compared with the radiochemically determined lung burden was 1.0±0.6. This precision was similar to that obtained from in vivo measurement of plutonium x-rays, a standard bioassay procedure for plutonium inhalation cases. This suggests that the bronchoalveolar lavage technique may have applicability in situations where in vivo x-ray measurement is not feasible, or where lung burden estimates in addition to those obtained from in vivo measurement are valuable. The technique may also have utility for assessing inhalation exposures to other relatively insoluble materials, including nonradioactive chemicals.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A prospective mortality study was conducted of the 800 employees who worked 3 months or more during the period January 1946 through June 1985, in the only plant in the US where the termiticide chlordane has been produced. The study covers the entire period of chlordane production to date and includes 7,347 person-years of employment at the chlordane plant and 21,585.5 person-years of follow-up since commencement of employment. All but three former employees considered to be alive at the end of the study period were either contacted directly or were identified as alive by a variety of reliable sources. Death certificates were obtained for 161 of the 181 decedents and reliable causes of death were reported for an additional 11 cases.Overall death rate was slightly less than expected but not to the level of statistical significance. Production workers with higher pesticide blood levels had lower standardized mortality ratios for cancer than nonproduction employees, and there appears to be an inverse relationship of cancer mortality to length of employment. An unexplained excess of cerebrovascular deaths was observed, offset by a lesser degree of cardiovascular deaths.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This article presents the health care experience of 14,162 employees and their families, covered under a private third-party insurance plan of a large multinational corporation for the 1984 policy year. A total of $29.5 million was charged by health care providers to deliver medical care for the studied employees and their families. This amounted to $2,083 per employee and his/her family. Approximately 51% of the employees submitted claims, with females having greater utilization than males. The highest expenditures were for diseases of the circulatory system among adults (3.2 million or 23% for employees, $1.5 million or 14% for spouses). Among employees, neoplasms accounted for $1.4 million or 10% of costs, and musculoskeletal system $1.2 million or 9% of costs. Among spouses, pregnancy and diseases of the female reproductive system accounted for $1.2 million (12%) and $1.1 million (10%), respectively. Among dependents, the top three cost categories were mental disorders ($1.2 million or 24%), accident-related illnesses ($0.7 million or 14%), and diseases of the respiratory system ($0.6 million or 12%). Hospital care expenditures, including room and board, ancillary, and physician services, accounted for approximately 60% of total health care spending. The percentage of health care costs paid for by this insurance plan was 75% for active employees, 34% for retirees, 60% for female spouses, 38% for male spouses, and 64% for dependents. The analyses and parameters measured can be viewed as the first step toward the development of a health care cost containment and disease prevention strategy.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Aerobic capacities of workers vary a great deal, as do the metabolic energy expenditure requirements of various manual jobs. This study was conducted to determine if the metabolic energy requirements on 11 jobs correlated with the aerobic capacities of 78 young male workers employed on the jobs. The results disclosed that the workers' mean aerobic capacities were correlated with the job energy requirements (r = .84), and that the average job metabolic rates were at approximately 35% of the estimated aerobic capacities of the workers. The jobs requiring a high energy expenditure rate (ie, those above 5.0 kcal/min-1) were associated with heart rates above 110 beats per minute averaged over eight hours. At this higher energy expenditure rate level, no age decrement in aerobic capacities was found, although a significant decrease was found with age in those employed in less demanding jobs.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID