ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Symptoms associated with upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders (UECTDs) recently have been reported in professional sign language interpreters. The present investigation is a case control study of potential biomechanical factors that may exacerbate or maintain UECTD-related symptoms in this occupational group. Based on the results of a medical screening, interpreters were classified into two groups: working with pain (n=16) and working without pain (n=13). There were no significant differences between the groups on age, gender, years signing, years interpreting, and wrist and forearm endurance and flexibility as measured during an isokinetic strength test of the upper extremities. Subjects were exposed to a standard interpreting task. Groups were compared on measures of repetitiveness of hand/wrist motion, work/rest cycle, postural stress, and smoothness of movement. Heart rate, pain, fatigue, and perceived reduction in extremity flexibility also were measured. The group working with pain demonstrated a distinct pattern of potential biomechanical risk factors previously associated with UECTDs in other occupations. By comparison with the control group, those working with pain exhibited fewer rest breaks, more frequent hand/wrist deviations from neutral, more frequent lateral excursions from an optimal work envelope, and more rapid finger/hand movements while interpreting. Significant group differences on self-report measures of pain, fatigue, and perceived limitation in range of motion also were observed. An analysis of heart-rate response to the interpreting task revealed that both groups demonstrated a modest increase in heart rate to the interpreting task, although interpreters working with pain displayed lower heart rates across all phases of the experimental task. This study demonstrates an interaction between work demands and a work style that increases biomechanical stress on the upper extremities, exacerbating symptoms in cases diagnosed with work-related UECTDS.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We describe an extension of an existing framework used by several investigators for classifying various types of bias. The framework consists of three categories of bias: selection, information, and confounding. The existing framework is expanded to include subclassification according to the type of study design: cross-sectional, case-control, retrospective cohort, and prospective cohort. Direction and method of prevention of biases within each category in the framework are discussed. This article provides a useful checklist for epidemiologists to determine possible sources and methods of reduction of bias that are specific to a particular type of study design.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspection data from the Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) enforcement data base are presented for lead, ethylene oxide, and formaldehyde for fiscal years 1985, 1987, and 1989, and are discussed with emphasis on exposure monitoring or medical surveillance section violations. These data suggest that the exposure monitoring section of these standards is more commonly used to cite workplaces below these standards than is the medical surveillance section. Medical surveillance violations more commonly resulted in fines, but there were no differences in the magnitude of the fines for exposure monitoring or for medical surveillance violations. Implications of these findings are discussed.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID