ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;This article discusses historical and social reasons for the emergence of women's occupational cancer as a current area of research interest. It develops background information on relationships between social and occupational factors that must be considered if research on women, work, and cancer is to be well designed. These factors include specific occupational titles and tasks and the socioeconomic status and roles of women being studied. In addition, detailed demographic data on the industrial and occupational distribution of female workers are provided as one basis for setting priorities for women's occupational cancer studies. These demographic data are supplemented by analysis of specific potential exposures to carcinogens and other hazardous substances. By comparing lists of known and suspected carcinogens published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer to the industries and uses listed by the Hazardous Substances Data Base of the National Library of Medicine, a new target list of industries of significance to female workers was derived. Its implications are discussed herein.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;The study of occupational diseases among women has been minimal, and when observations of adverse health effects have been made, they often have been obscured, ignored, or mismanaged. Occupational exposures of women to beryllium, benzene, and vinyl chloride serve as past examples of indifference to the plight of women in the workplace. The lack of regulation for waste anesthetic gases and antineoplastic drugs to protect health care workers and veterinarians indicates that this indifference continues today.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Investigation of cancer rates—including trends over time, geographic variations, and differences by race, gender, and age—may identify patterns suggesting environmental exposures of potential occupational origin. National mortality data spanning the 40‐year period from 1950 to 1989 were used to assess the patterns of several cancers for which occupational components have been identified among men, including cancers of the lung and bladder, non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, and leukemia, and for cancers of particular concern to women, such as breast and ovarian cancer, but for which occupational factors have not been well characterized. Newly available preliminary data show substantial geographic variation in cancer mortality rates at the county level during the 1970s and 1980s. Future analyses of the patterns, correlations with industrial indicators, and analytic studies should be fruitful in identifying occupational and other risk factors for cancers among women.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;A survey of published epidemiologic studies from eight journals during 1971 to 1990 was conducted to assess the proportion and characteristics of occupational cancer studies that have included women and minorities. A total of 1233 reports included 562 (46%) with subjects limited to white men. The remaining 671 (54%) had subjects from other race‐gender groups. Thirty‐five percent included white women, but only 14% presented any analyses of white women specifically and only 7% presented more than five risk estimates. The proportions with analyses of nonwhite women (any = 2% detailed = 1%) or men (any = 7%; detailed = 3%) were also small. Studies with detailed analyses of women and minorities tended to use weaker methodologies (ie, proportionate mortality or cross‐sectional design) than the studies of white men and were less able to provide convincing data on the occupational cancer risks of women and minorities.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Differences between and among men, nonpregnant women, and pregnant women can influence exposure and response to workplace toxicants. These differences should be delineated, compared, and used when setting regulatory standards to protect workers from potentially hazardous workplace environments. Anatomical and physiological parameters include: body composition; surface area; blood, organ, and tissue volume; metabolism; and cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and renal structure and function. Although men differ among themselves, on average, they also differ from women by weighing more, being taller, and having a larger surface area. Total body water is 40% greater in men than nonpregnant women; however, during pregnancy, body water increases from 29 to 33 liters. Extracellular and intracellular water volumes are smallest in nonpregnant women, increase with pregnancy, but remain smaller than those in men. Pulmonary function differs; pregnant women have the largest minute volume and greatest volume of air exchanged in an 8‐hour period. This article compares anatomical, physiological, and toxicokinetic characteristics of men and nonpregnant and pregnant women to explore how differences in these factors contribute to variations in exposures, target tissue doses, and responses to workplace or environmental chemicals.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Animal bioassays for carcinogenicity are essential components of occupational health studies. Animal data that have been collected under controlled experimental conditions provide definitive information about the carcinogenic activities of individual substances or defined mixtures and their relative potencies in the test species. Such information serves as a frame of reference for clinical and epidemiologic studies, pointing to potential adverse health effects and to the types of substances that might produce them. This article alerts the occupational and environmental health communities to 20 substances that produced breast tumors, 13 substances that produced uterine tumors, and 8 substances that produced ovarian tumors in long‐term National Toxicology Program animal studies. Each of the substances also produced neoplasms at other body sites. Follow‐up studies of molecular measures of exposure and response in people and in animals will reduce the uncertainties of transspecies extrapolations.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID