ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1981

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1981

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1981

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1981

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1981

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The rate of mortality has declined so much in recent years and so many diseases have been nearly eliminated as causes of death that medical attention is now concentrated on a relatively small number. Of these diseases, cancer is of particular interest to industry.Laboratory tests help us to predict whether or not a substance is carcinogenic but the development of knowledge is not yet advanced enough to allow us to rely on them and this ignorance prevents their use in predicting human risk quantitatively. Epidemiological observations are needed for three main reasons. The first is to detect unsuspected causes of cancer. This is easy if the cancer is normally rare and the hazard in industry is increased many times; it is difficult when the cancer is common and the relative increase is small. In the latter circumstances care must be taken to exclude bias, confounding (in particular with other local and social factors), and chance. Secondly, they are needed to demonstrate the size of a risk associated with a particular level of exposure and therefore help to determine the level that is socially acceptable. The risk may be shown to be, at the most, so small that its absence can effectively be regarded as having been demonstrated — although proof of a negative is not theoretically possible. For this purpose, all available evidence needs to be accumulated and examined and it may not be wise to lay down criteria for negative evidence. Thirdly, and most importantly, epidemiological observations help to maintain a sense of perspective. They suggest, for example, that the risk for all cancers combined, other than lung cancer, is relatively stable in the United States and that the main causes of current cancers must have been present in society for many years. The evidence suggests that some 30% of cancer deaths must be attributed to cigarette smoking and some 4% or 5% to occupational hazards. Dietary factors may be very important and there is the prospect that anti-promoting factors in the diet (possibly vitamin A or its precursor) may be used to reduce risks that have been incurred by previous exposure to initiators.Epidemiology may not be the method of choice for the discovery of preventive measures, as it requires some people to have been affected before it can be employed; but at present its use is essential if efforts are to be concentrated in areas where they will do most good. One such area is the rigorous study of industrial cohorts to determine the degree to which they may be exposed.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1981

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Possible immunoreactivity to chemically well-characterized mono- and diisocyanate protein conjugates was reevaluated in 15 workers with TDI asthma and 17 normal (nonexposed) volunteers. Lymphocytes of nine sensitive workers, were incubated with TDI human serum albumin (HSA) conjugates. Leucocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) was produced. Leucocyte inhibitory factor was also induced by hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) protein conjugates in four of these workers who had no prior history of exposure to HDI. Disappearance of TDI- and HDI-induced LIF was noted in several sensitive workers who were removed from further TDI exposure. Three LIF-positive workers also demonstrated positive intracutaneous reactivity to TDI-HSA. One worker had a markedly positive RAST(25.5% binding) to a monofunctional (p-tolyl isocyanate) protein reagent. These studies suggest that isocyanates have the potential for eliciting heterogeneous immune responses in certain subpopulations of exposed workers. Continued contact with isocyanates may be necessary for maintenance of specific immunity. Possible cross reactivity between TDI and HDI may be determined by new antigenic sites created by isocyanate protein interactions.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1981

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Genetic aberrations play a major role in human disease. They are responsible for a number of birth defects and have been identified as an important cause of much prenatal mortality. Approximately one-half of all conceptuses, for example, have been estimated not to survive to term, and some die so early that they are not even detected by the mother. Not all genetic anomalies appear at birth, however, since a number may result postnatally from environmental agents that have caused single cell mutations (which might develop into a human tumor), and yet others may require a second mutational event and appear even later. Thus, the industrial environment poses special hazards, to both female and male workers, because of the risks of induction of cancer, as well as of impairment of reproductive ability. Industrial cytogenetic monitoring, as a form of preventive medicine, is now possible. This review discusses many of the causes and types of genetic damage and the current cytogenetic techniques, as well as their use in industrial monitoring.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1981

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The history and current state of some newer short-term tests for occupational genetic monitoring are reviewed These are: cytogenetics, sister chromatid exchange, body fluid analysis, tests utilizing sperm, and detection of somatic cell variants. Occupational studies on benzene, vinyl chloride monomer, and epichlorohydrin are critically discussed from the standpoints of design and interpretation. It is concluded that these tests are not appropriate for risk assessment at the present time. Their clinical relevance, if any, is unknown. Proper validation and standardization have not been done, and design problems have often clouded the results of previous studies. There is a critical need for further research in the area of occupational genetic monitoring. Future applications should include integration with prospective morbidity and mortality studies, standardization of design and statistical methods, and development of new tests with genetically relevant endpoints.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1981

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A descriptive epidemiologic study of deaths due to nasal cancer in New York State from 1949 through 1978 was conducted. A statistically significant decrease in overall mortality rates was observed during this period and the rate of decline for males was three times greater than that for females. One possible explanation for the authors' findings is that over a period of time there was a gradual improvement in industrial hygiene.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1981

数据来源: OVID