ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Medical screening and biological monitoring are two tech-niquesin a continuum of practices used to prevent occupational disease. Medical screening is the examination of workers for pathological conditions. Biological monitoring is the examination of the worker for the presence of an intoxicant or its metabolite. These techniques are common in industry, and are frequently components of health standards recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. However, an underlying set of principles for medical screening and biological monitoring in the workplace has not been delineated. In this paper, a modification of the principles for screening in the community is proposed that will be more appropriate to the workplace. This modified set of principles is not a statement of the policy of NIOSH on this important subject, but rather a presentation of the authors' views as a starting point for dialogue on these issues.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Work-related disease is the product of multiple factors, including host susceptibility, the external environment, and individual behavior. The concept of multiple causality is relevant to the etiology of diseases, in which work and exposures are contributory agents, and of diseases that have a single necessary cause, eg, lead poisoning. The objectives of medical screening in the control of work-related diseases are the subjects of this paper. Screening procedures include questionnaires, diagnostic tests, function measurements, and biological tests of exposure levels to environmental agents. Achieving the objectives of medical examinations depends on (1) selecting appropriate tests that are acceptable to workers; (2) discarding tests that cannot meet requirements with respect to reproducibility, specificity, and sensitivity; and (3) periodically reviewing health surveillance programs as a whole, and modifying or abandoning them as necessary in the light of improved working conditions

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This paper describes the current practice of biological monitoring of populations exposed to occupational or environmental pollutants. The three types of monitoring are ambient monitoring, biological monitoring of exposure, and health surveillance (also called biological monitoring of effects). The trend in biological monitoring today is to develop tests that provide information on the amount of chemical bound to the critical sites of action (target dose). Ambient monitoring and biological monitoring assess the health risk by comparing the current exposure with the permissible exposure limits. They are essentially preventive activities. By contrast, health surveillance or biological monitoring of effects assesses the health status and aims at detecting the early adverse health effects. Health surveillance is part of the medical screening program for the early detection of health impairment due to industrial chemicals

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Human monitoring for toxic substances exposure in the workplace raises opportunities for occupational disease prevention but can also lead to possible undesirable and discriminatory consequences for workers. The scientific requisites for sound monitoring practices are discussed, and caution is urged against unjustified and unfair use of screening results.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

An international conference in Luxembourg on Ambient and Biological Monitoring in the Workplace brought out the difference in meaning between medical “surveillance” and medical “monitoring.” These are reveiwed against the Health Standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The standards may be specification standards, that is, the details of the medical examinations and laboratory tests are specified; or they may be performance standards, where surveillance is largely left to the physician's discretion. Bearing in mind the limited number of qualified physicians available, OSHA, and therefore the Office of Occupational Medicine, treads narrow line between specifics and performance to obtain a pragmatic approach that will meet the mandate of the Occupational Safety and Health Act and ensure a safe and healthful workplace for all American workers.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The need for a graded response to environmental risks, including the need to extend medical surveillance, for which screening is one tool, to populations at high risk of occupation-ally attributable disease is discussed from ethical, social, and biological perspectives. Ethical judgments need to be understood in terms of their derivation and implications in the form of rights or criteria for moral management of such populations. These rights must be exercised in an appropriate social context enabling the right-to-know and notification. Discussion of the biological perspective heuristically is conducted in terms of “population thinking. ” Critical methodologie problems emanate from this approach that impact on deterministic orientations in the interpretation of individual surveillance data. Nelson's concept of “added burden of risk” is seen as a valid postulate for management of populations at risk.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygieniste (ACQIH) has recognized the value of biological monitoring for assessing worker exposure to chemicals. The ACGIHhas established a Biological Exposure Indices Committee to review literature, prepare documentation analogous to the widely used TLVs, and recommend biological exposure indices (BEIs) for selected workplace chemicals. The BEIs represent an in-depth review of the literature and address such important issues as routes of exposure, absorption, metabolism, uptake, pharmacokinetics, sampling, methods of analysis, interferences (both chemical and metabolic), and interpretation of results. The recommended BEIs represent levels of some biological parameter that would be found in a worker following an 8-hour exposure (at moderate work) to the current TLV. To date, ten documentations and an introduction have been published by the ACGIH. They include toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, carbon monoxide, styrene, benzene, n-hexane, lead, phenol, and trichloroethylene. Others are in preparation

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID