ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The Occupational Medicine Forum presents questions of general interest received by the ACOM Committee on Oocupational Medical Practice. Answers usually are prepared by the Committee, representing the composite best judgment of its members. Such replies do not necessarily represent an official position of the American College of Occupational Medicine. In some cases, the responses will be prepared at the Committee's request by consultants with special qualifications in specific fields. Questioners are not named. Readers who wish to submit questions to the Committee should address inquiries to: Committee on Occupational Medical Practice, American College of Occupational Medicine, 55 W Seegers Rd, Arlington Heights, IL 60005.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Each year in the United States physicians write more than 1.5 billion prescriptions for their patients. Considering this scope of drug ingestion it seems safe to assume that medication is taken bysomepeople while they are at work. The therapeutic effects or adverse reactions of drugs may compromise safety in the workplace. Furthermore, the conditions of the job or work environment may adversely alter the expected pharmacokinetics of some agents.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

There is a great deal we do not know about the safety of pharmaceutical agents, especially regarding their safe use in the workplace. Economic and scientific imperatives can lead to a new drug's approval and marketing even though testing is limited; therefore, much of the knowledge about drug toxioities must be developed in the postapproval period, through pharmaooepidemiologic methods. The system of epidemiologic intelligence depends on spontaneous, voluntary reports of adverse drug reactions and, as applied to the work force, it is fraught with problems of ascertainment, accountability, and application. Structured epidemiologic studies of these issues have been difficult to perform because of high costs, long time frames, and methodologio problems and biases. Nevertheless, large automated data bases, with the right input, hold great promise for making it easier to accumulate and analyze the data necessary for monitoring drug safety in the workplace.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Performance decrements associated with therapeutic drugs may increase the risk of many common activities that require intact skills. However, accident data that define such risks are difficult to obtain, and the assessment of skill decrements often must be based on data obtained from the laboratory study of drug effects. The validity and reliability of conclusions drawn from laboratory data are a function of experiment design and measurement methods.Critical issues include the assumptions, rationale, and hypotheses underlying laboratory measurement of skills performance. Drug doses and dosing regimens, subject characteristics, and response measures are key variables that limit data interpretation. The design of reported experiments, including the selection of a battery of laboratory tests, reveals the underlying issues, and data from the experiments demonstrate both valid conclusions and constraints on intepretation.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Among the most common of health problems, allergies afflict more than one of every six Americans. In the allergic reaction, mast cells degranulate, releasing inflammatory mediators such as histamine. These mediators in turn cause smooth muscle contraction, itch, mucus secretion, and vascular leakage. A number of pharmacologic agents, including the H, receptor antihistamines and the sympathomimetic decongestants, have been developed in an attempt to minimize such effects.Antihistamines were first used clinically 50 years ago. Currently taken by approximately 30 million Americans each year, they are grouped by structure into six classes. Until recently, all of the classes, or first-generation antihistamines, were thought to be relatively equal in efficacy and, because of their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, they all caused varying degrees of sedation.The effects of antihistamines on psychomotor reflexes and driving skills, antihistamine-induced drowsiness, and the interaction of antihistamines with alcohol and tranquilizers are reviewed. The centrally acting first-generation agents, and the performance decrements these agents commonly induce, are compared with the newer, nonsedating, second-generation antihistamines (eg, terfenadine, astemizole, cetirizine, and loratadine). Although decongestants do not appear to cause impaired performance, this needs to be evaluated further, particularly with regard to decongestant-induoed insomnia.

ISSN:0096-1736    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID