摘要:

In the first part of this article, I briefly review research findings that show that professional lie catchers, such as police officers, are generally rather poor at distinguishing between truths and lies. I believe that there are many reasons contributing towards this poor ability, and give an overview of these reasons in the second part of this article. I also believe that professionals could become better lie detectors and explain how in the final part of this article.

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/1355325041719356

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes the use of viewing time (VT), how long a subject looks at a probable sexual stimulus, as an alternative to penile plethysmography (PPG). We then trace the history of VT to assess sexual interest from 1942 to the present. The first computer‐generated stimulus set for PPG was developed by Canadian researchers. This set was tested using VT by the second author and found valid. The unavailability of the set for further use resulted in the authors developing a new, computermodified set with an alternate form version. This required the modification and compositing of images of real people. The proposed research using this set is described. To avoid using real photographic imagery in the future we propose use of specialized computer software that permits development of images from scratch. VT is a limited technology and we close with descriptions of new ways to assess sexual interest and behaviour using virtual reality and virtual environment

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/1355325041719338

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose. Crime scene actions displayed by offenders in arsons were analysed in relation to offender characteristics and self‐reported motives.Methods. Data were drawn from an official police database and consisted of a random sample of arsons occurring in Finland between 1990 and 2001 (N= 189). The structure of dichotomous variables derived through a content analysis of crime scene actions and offender characteristics was analysed using non‐metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses.Results. The analyses revealed four separate crime scene action types, with thematic emphasis on either expressive or instrumental motivation and the target being either a person or object. The MDS solution for offender characteristics suggested four types of offenders: Self‐destructive, Serial, Criminal, and Adolescent. In order to analyse the associations between action and characteristics themes, each case was assigned to one of the action and characteristic themes or a hybrid based on the frequency of variables present from each theme. Several statistically significant associations between the action and characteristic themes were found. Self‐reported motives were also analysed in relation to the themes.Conclusions. The results support the thematic classification of arsonists presented in Canter and Fritzon (1998). The results are discussed with regard to earlier research and deducing offender characteristics based on crime scene

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/1355325041719392

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. Errors in eyewitness accounts can occur when a witness comes into contact with post‐event ‘misinformation’. A common way to encounter misinformation is through face‐to‐face interaction, in particular, via conversation with other individuals who also witnessed the crime. The current research compares this kind of misinformation with the non‐social post‐event narrative method typically employed in laboratory studies.Method. Young (17–33 years) and older (58–80 years) adults viewed a simulated crime event on video and were later exposed to four items of misinformation about it. The misinformation items were either introduced as part of a discussion about the event with a confederate or were embedded within a written narrative about the event that participants were asked to read. A questionnaire containing 20 items about the event was given to participants before and after the experimental manipulation.Results. Participants were less accurate than controls on questionnaire items after encountering misinformation. More importantly, misinformation encountered socially was significantly more misleading than misinformation from a non‐social source. This was true for both young and older adults.Conclusion. Misinformation encountered socially produced more errors than misinformation from a non‐social source. This finding has implications both for applied (forensic) and theoretical understanding

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/1355325041719428

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. Previous work has established that interviewer demeanour can distort interviewee performance on the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales (GSS). The present study assesses the effect of reducing interpersonal interaction in the GSS procedure. Interviewees' interrogative suggestibility (IS) scores obtained under four conditions were compared with established norms for the scales to identify the method most likely to reduce the effects of interpersonal factors when using the scales.Method. Participants were allocated at random to one of four conditions: (1) standard procedure but with questions in writing (Written Questions), (2) condition 1 procedure plus written answer (Written Questions: Written Answers), (3) condition 1 procedure but with written negative feedback (Written Questions: Written Feedback), and finally (4) condition 2 procedure but with written negative feedback (Written Questions: Written Answers: Written Feedback).Results. A key finding was that the procedure used in condition 4, in which verbal contact between interviewer and interviewee was least, produced GSS scores most closely approximating established norms for the GSS. GSS scores were higher in the other groups, although the differences between the GSS scores of conditions 4 and 2 were not significant.Conclusion. The findings suggest ways in which the effects of interviewer demeanour on IS may be reduced. The potential usefulness of adopting new procedures for administering the GSSs is discussed, as is the potential for developing a computerized format for the GSSs.

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/1355325041719400

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose. Research using the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales (GSS) has found interrogative suggestibility (IS) to vary as a function of the overall demeanour of the interviewer, warnings about the presence of misleading information, and the self‐esteem of the interviewee, as outlined by Gudjonsson and Clark (1986). The present study attempted to assess how these factors interact.Method. The study had a three‐factor between‐participants design: interviewer demeanour × instructional manipulation × self‐esteem. One hundred and twenty undergraduates took part in the study.Results. Participants reporting lower self‐esteem scored higher on the GSS ‘Shift’ measure than participants reporting higher levels of self‐esteem. Participants faced with a ‘Friendly’ interviewer scored lower on the GSS Yield 1 and Total Suggestibility measures than did those participants faced with a more ‘Abrupt’ interviewer. Participants warned about the presence of misleading information scored lower on Yield 1 and Total Suggestibility. A potentially key finding was that participants who received a warning demonstrated an increased number of Shifts in the Friendly condition compared with those who were not warned. In the Abrupt condition this pattern was reversed.Conclusion. The results supported studies showing that all three variables tested affect levels of IS but further suggested that optimal interviewer support for interviewees' discrepancy detection may be provided either by a relaxed interviewer manner or by warnin

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/1355325041719419

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. This study examines the psychometric properties of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) with a sample of imprisoned English young offenders.Method. The reliability and validity of the PICTS scales were investigated, and changes in scores on the PICTS scales over a 6‐month period were analysed.Results. The findings suggested that from a psychometric perspective the PICTS scales were not performing as well with young offenders as with adult prisoner samples. The indices of reliability and validity were of a moderate level. Test‐retest scores calculated over the 6 months showed little change on the PICTS scores.Conclusion. The use of the PICTS scales with young offenders is discussed with reference to previous research with adult offenders in England and North Amer

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/1355325041719374

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. This study investigates the effects of working with dangerous and severely personality disordered (DSPD) prisoners and patients on the attitudes, perceptions and beliefs of staff, which may be important therapeutic variables in the management and treatment of prisoners and patients.Method. The attitudes of prison officers working in a DSPD prison unit and psychiatric nurses working in high‐security psychiatric hospitals were compared using the Attitude to Personality Disorder Questionnaire (APDQ) and the Staff Attitude to Personality Disorder Interview (SAPDI).Results. Prison officers and nurses differed in their attitudes. Prison officers' attitudes were more positive than those of psychiatric nurses in all aspects of the APDQ. Prison officers indicated that they felt more liking for and interest in contact with personality disordered prisoners, less fear and helplessness, less anger, were more optimistic regarding treatment, and less frustrated. The SAPDI revealed that nurses expressed more concern about caring for and managing personality disordered patients, and felt more vulnerable and less accepting towards them. Prison officers conveyed more confidence in their own abilities and felt less vulnerable.Conclusion. Differences found in attitudes towards personality disordered prisoners/patients are discussed in terms of personal, environmental and experiential influences, and implications for DSPD services. Attitudes towards personality disordered prisoners/patients between nurses and officers differed. They are likely to be influenced by a combination of experience with personality disorder, organisational culture and personal characteristic

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/1355325041719347

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. The purpose of this research was to assess whether court‐ and self‐referred domestic violence offenders differ on levels of motivation to change, personal control and anger, and hence whether these two offender groups are distinct.Method. Thirty‐eight court‐referred and 14 self‐referred male domestic violence offenders completed three scales: URICA‐DV, Levenson Locus of Control and Novaco Anger Scale.Results. It was found that self‐referred men exhibited significantly higher levels of motivation to change, internal locus of control and anger in response to anger‐provoking situations than did court‐referred men.Conclusions. The results indicate that there may be fundamental differences between these two offender groups and question the suitability of combining these groups in offender treatment. Results are discussed in the context of treatment eff

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/1355325041719383

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. Motivating offenders to change in therapy is an important aspect of effective offender treatment, yet despite this, offenders' motivation to change has received little close attention in the academic and professional literature. This situation is a result of an over‐emphasis on the risk management model of rehabilitation, and a consequent failure to construe motivation within an overarching theory of offender rehabilitation.Method. We present a social cognitive model of offender motivation — the Good Lives Model (GLM) — that provides a framework for incorporating factors that have been shown to be of importance in enhancing offender motivation. This is based upon the notion that all humans strive to achieve primary goods that are intrinsically rewarding and essential to well‐being. Where offenders are concerned, criminogenic problems relate, not to the goods offenders seek, but to the way they seek them. Any treatment approach should take this into account and focus positively on equipping people with the skills required to achieve goals rather than simply look to manage risk. The motivational construct that we use here is that of goals. In the GLM, goals are the less abstract depictions of primary human goods and it is with these that people are typically engaged in their day‐to‐day activities and lives. Looking at therapeutic goal‐setting, methods and styles of therapy, and therapist approaches, we derive theoretically‐based key issues in motivating offenders to change in therapy.Conclusion. In conclusion, we present a summary of 12 strategies and techniques that will not only help practitioners enhance their therapeutic effectiveness, but hopefully also act as a catalyst in the development of research on offenders' motiv

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/1355325041719365

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY