摘要:

Purpose.Over the past two decades, the transtheoretical model (TTM) of change has become perhaps the most widely used model of behaviour change in the treatment of addictive and/or problem behaviours. More recently, the stages of change component of the TTM has been adopted for use in forensic settings. This paper aims to review the application of the TTM model to offender populations.Arguments.The application of the TTM to offenders raises a number of issues regarding the process of behaviour change for offenders attending treatment programmes. It is argued that while the TTM has been designed to account for high frequency behaviour (e.g. smoking, alcohol misuse), offending behaviour may be less frequent and the process of change less cyclical. Moreover, it is suggested that the most important issue in a treatment context is the proper integration of the TTM constructs. There have been few empirical tests of this aspect of the model.Conclusion.While the TTM may have some value in explaining how rehabilitation programmes help offenders to change their behaviour, the stages of change construct is, by itself, unlikely to adequately explain the process by which offenders desist from offending.

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532505X36714

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose.Although issues surrounding programme integrity and implementation seem intuitively appealing as important contributors to effective correctional programming, they have been relatively ignored within the extant literature. The present meta‐analysis provided the first systematic examination of these issues by exploring their impact on recidivism reduction in correctional treatment programmes.Methods.A meta‐analysis was conducted on 273 tests of the effectiveness of correctional treatment programmes that were extracted from various human service programmes. Indicators of programme integrity reviewed included several management variables (i.e. selection, training and clinical supervision of service deliverers), evaluator involvement, presence of training manuals, monitoring of treatment delivery, and using a small sample of clients.Results.Overall, the meta‐analyses revealed that programme integrity provided an independent source of enhanced programme effectiveness, even when controls were introduced for other variables (e.g. involved evaluator and sample size).Conclusions.Consistent with previous research, the present study demonstrated that the positive contributions of programme integrity were limited to the enhancement of the effects of human service programmes consistent with the principles of risk, need, and general responsivity. However, the relatively poor reporting of programme integrity indicators within primary studies necessitates that evaluators and programme deliverers alike ensure that this information is included in future evaluations to provide an even greater understanding of the influences of inte

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532505X36723

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose.The aim of this study was to examine the impact of completing a community‐based rehabilitation programme on both the rate of domestic violence reoffending, and time to first post‐treatment offence within an 11‐month follow‐up period. In addition, the pre‐treatment psychological, demographic, and offending history characteristics of recidivists were examined.Methods.Prior to attending West Midlands Probation Area's Domestic Violence Perpetrator Programme (DVPP), 86 male offenders completed a battery of six psychometric tests. The tests were the Novaco Anger Scale, Inventory of Beliefs about Wife Beating, Abusive Behaviour Inventory, Interpersonal Dependency Inventory, Multidimensional Locus of Control Scale and Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding. Post‐treatment reoffending was identified from police contact data.Results.Of the 86 offenders who started the DVPP, 21% were alleged to have reoffended within an 11‐month post‐treatment period. Completing the programme was not significantly associated with either alleged reoffending, or time to first alleged incident. The identified treatment effect size was small (w=0.20). It was found that higher interpersonal dependency and more frequent contact with the police in the 24 months prior to attending the programme for theft and violent domestic violence predicted post‐treatment domestic violence offending.Conclusions.The results of this study indicate that the programme did not significantly reduce the rate of alleged reoffending among programme completers, or the time to first post‐treatment offence reported to the police. However, the results suggest that those offenders who were alleged to have reoffended may represent a distinct offender subgroup. These results are discussed with reference to client treatment matching and the move towards nationally accredited rehabilitation p

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532505X36778

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose.This study examined United Kingdom police officers' perceptions about older witnesses (>60 years) and their thoughts about employing the cognitive interview (CI) with this group.Method.A questionnaire was used to assess officers' opinions about current interviewing protocols for older witnesses, including the CI, and to explore the challenges involved with interviewing older witnesses.Results.Over half of the officers surveyed perceived older witnesses to be less reliable and less thorough than younger witnesses. Many officers lacked confidence in dealing with the emotional distress and memory loss often displayed by older witnesses and victims. Several officers stated they were inadequately trained and had insufficient time to devote to interviewing in general. Moreover, the number of officers who considered the CI to be helpful with older witnesses was roughly equivalent to the number of officers who believed it was not.Conclusions.These results suggest that police officers, like mock jurors, consider older adult witnesses and victims to be less reliable and thorough than younger adult witnesses. Furthermore, the results indicate that many officers are not always satisfied with their interviews of older witnesses and victims. Implications for officer training are discussed.

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532505X37001

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose.The inter‐rater reliability of criteria‐based content analysis (CBCA) – the main component of statement validity assessment (SVA) – was investigated in a mock‐crime study. The study also addressed the issue of the adequacy of diverse statistical indices of reliability. Furthermore, CBCA's effectiveness in distinguishing between true and false statements was analysed.Methods.Three raters were trained in CBCA. Subsequently, they analysed transcripts of 102 statements referring to a simulated theft of money. Some of the statements were based on experience and some were confabulated. The raters used 4‐point scales, respectively, to judge the degree to which 18 of the 19 CBCA criteria were fulfilled in each statement.Results.The analysis of rater judgment distributions revealed that, with judgments of individual raters varying only slightly across transcripts, the weighted kappa coefficient, the product‐moment correlation, and the intra‐class correlation were inadequate indices of reliability. The Finn‐coefficient and percentage agreement, which were calculated as indices independent of rater judgment distributions, were sufficiently high with respect to 17 of the 18 assessed criteria. CBCA differentiated significantly between truthful and fabricated accounts.Conclusions.The inter‐rater reliability of CBCA achieved in the present study was satisfactory both, if considered absolutely, and as compared with other empirical findings. This suggests that CBCA can be utilized in the mock‐crime paradigm with a sufficient

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532505X52680

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose.Intervening line‐ups affect identification accuracy in subsequent line‐ups. We conducted 3 experiments to investigate the conditions under which viewing multiple line‐ups is more likely to affect eyewitness identification accuracy.Method.In each of the 3 experiments, a forensically relevant factor known to affect the accuracy of face recognition memory was manipulated to assess how the factor impacted the suggestive influence of an intervening line‐up on eyewitness identification accuracy in a subsequent test line‐up. These factors were (a) in Experiment 1, same‐race versus cross race target faces, (b) in Experiment 2, whether the intervening line‐up occurred on the day of the presentation phase (closeto presentation) or 1 month later on the day of the subsequent test line‐up (farfrom presentation), and (c) in Experiment 3, whether the target face was presented for 10 seconds or 60 seconds.Results.In each experiment, factors associated with poorer memory for the target face led to a greater suggestive influence of the intervening line‐up on identification accuracy in the subsequent line‐up, evidenced by lower hit rates and higher false‐alarm rates.Conclusions.These findings suggest that the problem of decreased identification accuracy following the viewing of an intervening photograph is especially of concern when memory for the perpetrator is likely to be poor. Implications of these findings for interpreting line‐up results in the

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532505X49846

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose.Although it has often been suggested that there is a direct relationship between an individual's sexual interests and behaviours exhibited during the crime they commit, few studies have investigated this question empirically. The purpose of the present study was thus to examine the role of sexual interests and situational factors as to their possible relationship to three components of rapists'modus operandi: (a) the level of organization of the offence, (b) the level of force used by the offender, and (c) the level of injury inflicted on the victim during the sexual assault.Methods.This study is based on a sample of 118 offenders who sexually assaulted a female aged 16 or over. All participants were assessed phallometrically and through the CQSA, a computerized questionnaire. Data were analysed using multiple regression analyses.Results.Our findings showed links between sexual interests, situational factors, and rapists'modus operandi. Firstly, individuals demonstrating a greater sexual interest in nonsexual violence showed a higher level of organization in themodus operandi. Secondly, alcohol consumption prior to the offence was related to a higher level of coercion. Finally, a negative emotional state prior to the crime was related to a high level of injury inflicted on the victim.Conclusions.Despite the fact that several authors postulated a direct link between the offender's sexual interests and his behaviour at the crime scene, our results only partially support this hypothesis. Moreover, our results partly support the fact that crime scene behaviour is related to offenders' personal characteristics, challenging an assumption of criminal profiling. We still believe that themodus operandiis related to offenders' personal attributes. It is, however, dynamic and may fluctuate due to certain situational factors related to offenders and victims. Future studies should take into account situational factors related to offenders and their victims.

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532505X36110

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose.Although criminal victimization of mentally ill patients has been researched, what little work there is focuses on in‐patient samples. This study aimed to compare crimes against mentally ill patients living in the community with crimes against students who have a high life‐style risk of victimization.Methods.The samples were selected via community‐based mental health services and a university population. A group of 40 mentally ill patients and 80 students reported experiences of victimization in the previous 12 months and attitudes towards the police.Results.Female mentally ill patients reported the highest victimization, but both male and female patients reported more victimization than did students. Mentally ill patients also held more negative opinions of the police.Conclusions.The results show that mentally ill patients experience more victimization when compared with the victimization experiences of a similar life‐style risk group. Discussion focuses on the implications for mentally ill patients living in the community, the support networks available to them, and relations between the police and mentally ill p

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532505X40836

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose.The current study addresses the issue of discontent at a personal and policy level with higher education and its funding, and its relation to tax compliance among a graduate population. It examines the thesis that discontent with the provision and funding of higher education plays a significant role in lowering tax compliance through the mediational role of shame management and dissociation from authority.Method.Data are taken from the graduates' hopes, visions, and actions survey based on a sample of 447 Australian graduates who recently received their tertiary degrees.Results. Path analysis provides support for the central thesis but also shows additional direct links between (1) dissatisfaction (with university studies) and tax evasion, and (2) having an income‐contingent university debt to repay and tax evasion.Conclusions.This study demonstrates the ways in which the legitimacy of the tax system and the legitimacy of higher education policy are interconnected. Criticisms of government departments acting in tunnel‐visioned ways with regard to the consequences of their actions are magnified in light of the findings of this paper. People take out their frustrations with one part of the government system (higher education funding and service provision) on other parts of the government system (taxation). Communication between these different parts is imperative for effective policy development and implement

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532505X37263

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Forensic psychology: Concepts, debates and practiceEdited by Joanna R. Adler Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing, 2004, Paperback, £18.99, ISBN 1‐84392‐

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532505X54868

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY