摘要:

Purpose. This study was conducted in an effort to predict the long‐term outcome of federal parole, probation and supervised release clients with the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form (LCSF).Methods. A sample of 52 federal parolees/probationers/supervised releasees, the entire caseload of a US federal probation officer, were scored on the LCSF and followed up for three years. Outcome measures included revocation, all violations (revocation and technical) and adjustment (revocation, technical violations, drug use, employment).Results. Analyses revealed that the LCSF successfully predicted revocations, technical violations and poor adjustment independent of age, race or gender. A cutting score of 10 correctly classified 69.2 per cent of the sample in terms of good or poor adjustment, 75.0 per cent of the sample on revocations leading to incarceration, and 73.1 per cent of the sample with respect to all violations (technical and criminal).Conclusions. These findings lend further credence to the practical utility of the LCSF as a predictor of future adjustment difficulties in federal parolees, probationers and supervised releasee

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8333.1998.tb00357.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The recent attempt by Horowitz, Lamb, Esplin, Boychuk, Orit&Reiter‐Lavery (1997) to establish reliabilities of evaluators applying criteria‐based content analysis (CBCA) leads to misleading conclusions about the reliability of CBCA as a protocol. The history and procedure of statement validity assessment (SVA) of which CBCA is a component, has not established CBCA as the equivalent of a psychometric type instrument or method with any particular level ofinstrinsicreliability. There are many reasons why certainty as to whether given criteria are agreed to fit a slice of narrative may be high or low. The adequacy of that particular slice of narrative for such criterion fitting is as important as the evaluators agreeing they mean the same thing and are trying to do the same thing on one or more occasions. The outcome reliabilities statistically computed are a composite of both. Professional evaluators do not need to rely on the results of forcing themselves to decide without adequate certainty whether any or all criteria are ‘present’ or ‘absent’. Their reliability when they make a decision with adequate certainty is what matters. Horowitzet al.'s recommendations that certain criteria should be further defined ‘more clearly’ or dropped is particularly erroneous. This would lead to the loss of important if infrequently found instances of presence or absence of criteria which are telling because of what is known about how children recall sexual victimization, and not because a statistical manual sets an empi

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8333.1998.tb00358.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Tully (1998) suggests that the quality of statements from child witnesses is likely to affect the reliability of criteria‐based content analysis (CBCA) ratings. Recent studies suggest that this may be true. He also suggests that giving raters more latitude in their ratings, rather than less, might improve both reliability and validity. This is an interesting idea that is worth testing. Finally, Tully argues that CBCA and statement validity assessment (SVA), of which it is a part, are protocols rather than psychometric instruments. Therefore, CBCA should not be subject to the rigours of testing for reliability and validity. With this I must disagre

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8333.1998.tb00359.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8333.1998.tb00360.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose. The study was designed to determine whether the contextual cues provided by visits to the scene of alleged incidents would facilitate the recall of information by alleged victims of child sexual abuse.Methods. Fifty‐one 4‐ to 13‐year‐old children who had reported being victims of sexual abuse were interviewed in an investigator's office and then at the scene of the alleged abuse. Analyses focused on the effects of age, number of reported incidents, familiarity of the scene, familiarity of the alleged perpetrator and delay between incident and interview on the number of details provided in the office interview and at the scene.Results. On average, the children reported 304.1 details, with 23 per cent of these provided at the scene. Contrary to prediction, contextual cues were not more effective for younger children, when the scene or alleged perpetrator were unfamiliar, or when the delay between alleged incident and interview was longer.Conclusions. Physical context reinstatement did appear to elicit additional details from alleged victims and facilitated the investigators' efforts to visualize and understand the alleged events. Many specific predictions about the role of contextual cues were not supported by the data,

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8333.1998.tb00361.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose. The impact of treatment in the therapeutic communities at Grendon Prison is assessed in terms of changes in personality, hostility and locus of control, and the effect of length of stay is examined.Method. Ninety‐four men were tested on reception and discharge from Grendon, using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Caine, Foulds&Hope's (1967) Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire and Rotter's Locus of Control (I‐E) Scale.Results. Mean scores on discharge were significantly closer to normal on all scales, i.e. prisoners showed lower levels of Psychoticism, Neuroticism, intro‐punitive and extrapunitive hostility, higher levels of Extraversion and more internal locus of control. For Neuroticism, the degree of change was significantly related to length of stay. For all scales except Psychoticism, the proportion showing statistically reliable change was greatest for men who had stayed for at least a year.Conclusions. Residence at Grendon is accompanied by changes in personality, hostility and locus of control. The tendency for some changes to be greatest, or to affect more individuals, after relatively long periods at Grendon (in the region of one to two years) would be in keeping with a progressive treatment effect and supports the results of reconviction studies and also the time‐scale suggested by Genders&Player's (1995) model of a ‘therapeuti

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8333.1998.tb00362.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose. This study investigates the patterns of moral reasoning among male delinquents, and male and female non‐delinquents. It is hypothesized that the delinquents' moral reasoning will be particularly delayed on questions related to offending behaviour.Methods. The moral reasoning of 210 female non‐offenders, 122 male nonoffenders, and 126 convicted offenders between 13 and 22 years of age was assessed using the Sociomoral Reflection Measure‐Short Form. A self‐reported delinquency checklist was also administered to allow for investigation of the delinquency/moral reasoning relationship within the officially delinquent and non‐delinquent groups.Results. Analyses of covariance revealed that male delinquents had significantly poorer moral reasoning than the male non‐delinquents across 10 of the 11 questions on the measure and all five moral values assessed. Female non‐delinquents showed significantly higher moral judgment than male non‐delinquents on seven of the questions and four moral values. Within each sample, moral reasoning was poorer on the moral values pertaining to offending behaviour, and among the male delinquents the score on the life value item was significantly higher than the other values.Conclusions. The findings suggest that delinquents have both value‐specific, and global deficits in their moral reasoning, with less mature reasoning exhibited in those value areas relating to delinquent behaviour. This suggests that interventions aimed at changing moral reasoning should be directed at raising levels of moral reasoni

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8333.1998.tb00363.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose. The main aim of this research was to investigate the parental styles and personal characteristics of bullies and victims, and to disentangle factors related to bully/victims from factors related to children who were only bullies or only victims.Method. A self‐report questionnaire on bullying was completed by 113 girls and 125 boys aged 11–14 years in a middle school in Rome.Results. Over half of all students had bullied others in the previous three months, and nearly half had been victimized. About a quarter of all students were both bullies and victims. Bullies tended to be male and to have low pro‐social behaviour, but these were largely characteristics of children who were only bullies. Victims tended to be female and to have low self‐esteem, but these were largely characteristics of children who were only victims. Children who were both bullies and victims tended to have authoritarian parents, but these were largely characteristics of bully/victims.Conclusions. It is important to study only bullies, only victims and bully/victims, as well as bullies and victims in general. Personal characteristics were related to only bullies or only victims, whereas parental styles were more related to bully/

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8333.1998.tb00364.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose. To assess the effect of pretrial publicity on mock jurors' post‐trial opinions and verdicts, and to investigate the role of the judge's admonition to ignore information obtained outside the trial and the role of asking jurors for their opinions before the trial.Methods. In two studies, university students were exposed to pretrial publicity that was either negative or neutral towards the defendant, a week or more later were shown a videotape of a trial, and asked for their opinions about guilt and their verdicts. In Study 1, with 99 participants, the judge's instruction either did or did not contain a specific admonition to ignore information outside the trial. In Study 2, with 78 participants, pretrial opinions either were or were not solicited.Results. Neither study found any main effect of pretrial publicity. In Study 1, jurors given the specific admonition were less likely to think the defendant was guilty. In Study 2, only when participants were asked for their pretrial opinions of guilt were their post‐trial opinions and verdicts significantly affected by negative pretrial publicity.Conclusions. The post‐trial effects of pretrial publicity are not strong and robust, but rather appear to depend on other factors in the situation. We interpret the effect of the specific admonition as being due to a leaning‐over‐backwards phenomenon. We interpret the effect of soliciting pretrial opinions as magnifying the effects of pretrial publicity and producing an overestimate of their

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8333.1998.tb00365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose. The quality of memories after the presentation of misinformation was explored. Three different types of stimuli were used: a peripheral object, a characteristic of a (different) peripheral object and a central detail. These were chosen in order to achieve different levels of the misinformation effect.Methods. One hundred and eight university students were shown a computer displayed picture sequence of a shoplifting incident. They were then misled about certain aspects. Memory was assessed by forced‐choice recognition, ‘remember’/‘know’ judgments and reaction times.Results. Participants often reported ‘remembering’ misinformation for the peripheral object and the characteristic. ‘Remember’ responses were also associated with the fastest reaction times.Conclusions. Misinformation can make people remember errant information. Implications for eyewitness testim

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8333.1998.tb00366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY