摘要:

This article reviews literature on the psychological benefits of sports for the disabled. Beginning with traditional models and resource development models of rehabilitation, an integrative model of sports for the disabled is suggested, emphasizing the concept of efficacy‐based empowerment through sport. Empirical research is reviewed according to the conceptual categories of this model: (a) performance accomplishments and functional efficiency, (b) perceived self‐efficacy, (c) self‐concept and self‐esteem, (d) personality disorders, mood states and locus of control and (e) activity level and social acceptance. This review suggests that most psychological constructs expressed within the empowerment model are positively affected by physical activity in disabled people, when applied properly. Several recommendations are outlined for beneficial application of the model in practice as well as for future research

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00386.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The force measuring system constructed under the frost rail inrun track element was used for measurement of take‐off forces in ski jumping. Several calibrations of the normal forces made on several days showed no significant differences between the calibration sessions. Loading the different places of the track element showed differences less than 5% between the places for the total 10‐m distance and less than 3% for the straight take‐off table. Two international‐level ski jumpers served as subjects during the testing of the system. Further preliminary results from 2 different performances techniques are presented. The force curves of subjects displayed totally different patterns: Two distinct peaks for subject MN (Fmax25.46 ± 0.80 NkgBW−1) and only one peak for subject JH (Fmax27.97 ± 0.98 N kgBW−1). A slight correlation was found between the Fmaxand the length of the jump f

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00387.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The take‐off forces exerted by junior (JJ) and senior (SJ) jumpers were measured in plastic ski‐jumping competition. The SJ group showed a positive correlation between the final force peak in the push‐off phase (Fmax) and the length of the jump. Maximal take‐off force related to total body weight (Fmax) and vertical release velocity were significantly higher among the 10 best seniors than among the 10 best juniors. JJ had higher approach velocity to the take‐off table (P<0.05), but the release velocity did not differ significantly between groups. The results of this study showed that the normal take‐off forces affect the length of the jump. The importance of the appropriate take‐off technique for utilization of the normal take‐off force could be seen from the comparison between JJ and S

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00388.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship between hip and knee joint load and quadriceps muscle activity during squatting exercise to different depths was studied. Eight young national class Olympic weightlifters performed squatting exercise to 4 different knee flexion angles; 45°, 90°, parallel and deep squats. They held a barbell across their shoulders with a weight of 65% of their one‐repetition maximum. The loading moments of force about the hip and knee joints were calculated using a semidynamic method. Video was used for motion recording and electromyograhy for recording activity from die vastus lateralis, rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles. The loading moment on the hip joint increased significantly from the 90° squat to the parallel, but there was no difference between the parallel and the deep. For the knee joint, there was no difference between the 45°, 90° and parallel, but for the deep squat the loading moment increased significantly. The muscular activity generally increased with increasing squatting depth, but mere were only minor insignificant differences between the parallel and the deep squats. We conclude that knee joint load can be limited by doing parallel instead of deep squats and that this will not decrease quadriceps muscle activity. To limit hip moment, the squat should not be deeper th

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00389.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To determine the mechanical of rowing, oxygen uptake and mechanical work rate were measured during rowing a single scull under windless conditions. Steady‐state pulmonary oxygen uptake was determined as a function of boat velocity (v(m‐s−1)) in 5 subjects. Oxygen uptake (1‐min−1) increased as 0.065v2.99. Workrate in two subjects was determined as a function ofvby measuring the force applied to the oar and its angular velocity. Work rate (w) was expressed as 3.85v3.25. From these equations, mechanical efficiency (%) was expressed as 17v0.262. Thus, mechanical efficiency increased from 20% at 2 m‐s−1to 24% at a boat veloci

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00390.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2maxwas evaluated after high‐altitude training in rowers. Nine rowers trained in a camp at 1822 m for 3 weeks with no change inVo2maxor 6‐min work capacity on a rowing ergometer at sea level. In contrast, 9 control rowers training at sea level increased Vo2maxby 4 (0‐8)% and work capacity by 3 (0‐11)% (median and range). In rowers emphasizing endurance training during a summer of competitive rowing (n=9), Vo2maxand work capacity increased by 6 (0‐13)% and 3 (‐1‐6)%, respectively and no significant changes were noted in rowers performing interval training (n= 9). Exhaustive rowing on an ergometer was characterized by elevated plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline (n=13)and lactate (n=14) (to 19 (11‐31), 74 (50‐109) nmol l1and 15 (11‐22) mmol‐I1, respectively). In heavyweight rowers (n=11), blood volume was 7.0 (5.9‐8.3) litres, left ventricular wall thickness 13 (11‐15) mm and end‐diastolic diameter 57 (54‐66) mm (n=11). This study demonstrated an elevated blood volume in rowers as well as myocardial hypertrophy and large internal heart diameters. In well‐trained rowers, endurance training is superior to interval training for elevating Vo2maxand work capacity, but high‐altitude training does not contribute to increasing Vo

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00391.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A 2‐km walking test was developed previously to predict maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) in field conditions. The prediction is based on the time required for the 2‐km fast walk, heart rate at the end of the walk, age and body mass index. This study examined the effects of the walking speed on the prediction of Vo2maxin 111 moderately to highly active 35‐ to 55‐year‐old adults. The Vo2maxwas determined in an uphill walk‐run on a treadmill. Five 2‐km walking tests were conducted on a flat outdoor course. The first two were performed at the maximal speed and the remaining at submaximal speeds of 60%, 70% and 80% of the maximal heart rate. All tests underpre‐dicted the measured Vo2max. A walking speed corresponding to 80% of the maximal heart rate or more resulted in the most accurate prediction of maxima

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00392.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This work examined whether prediction models based on a 2‐km walking test are valid for predicting the Vo2maxof middle‐aged, healthy, moderately to highly physically active adults. Sixty‐seven 35‐ to 45‐year‐old moderately active men and women and 44 35‐ to 55‐year‐old healthy men who participated regularly in marathon‐long sports competitions were studied. Vo2maxwas determined in an uphill walk‐run on a treadmill. The 2‐km walking test was conducted on a flat outdoor course. The subjects walked the distance as fast as they could. Walking time, heart rate at the end of the walk, age and body mass index were entered in the prediction formulas as established in the original study. The total errors of prediction and the correlation coefficients between the measured and predicted Vo2max(ml‐kg−1min−1) for the moderately active women and men and for the competitors were 5.2, 5.7 and 7.7 ml kg−1min−1and 0.55, 0.79 and 0.60, respectively. The measured relative Vo2maxwas slightly underpredicted in all groups. The results suggest that the 2‐km walk test is a reasonably valid test of maximal aerobic power for moderately fit men and women, but

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00393.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three years of registration of training, injuries, infections and stretching behaviour among national class orienteers is presented. Twenty‐three runners were included for a 1‐ to 3‐year period. Twenty‐eight male‐years and 27 female‐years were analysed. A total of 219 injuries and infections were registered: 55 (25%) acute injuries, 71 (32%) overuse injuries and 93 (42%) infections. Overuse injuries were found to be the major problem, as these injuries affected training for an average of 35 days per runner per year, compared with 7 days caused by acute injuries and 10 days caused by infections. The acute injuries were mainly direct traumas and ankle distorsions. Overuse injuries affecting die knee region were the most numerous, but rear foot injuries affected training the most. An increase in training load was found in the last weeks before overuse injuries and infections. Stretching could not be found to preve

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00394.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To the evaluate 14 knees with osteochondral lesions 7 years after surgery, a computerized tomographic scan technique with angulation of the CT gantry was used. The CT scans provided architectural description of the lesions in 5 patients with symptoms from their knee at follow‐up. A clearing zone was detected surrounding the lesion, documenting poor bony ingrowth. It is concluded that the present CT technique may be well suited in the evaluation and follow‐up of patients with osteochondral lesi

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00395.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY