摘要:

The use of cryotherapy, i.e. the application of cold for the treatment of injury or disease, is widespread in sports medicine today. It is an established method when treating acute soft tissue injuries, but there is a discrepancy between the scientific basis for cryotherapy and clinical studies. Various methods such as ice packs, ice towels, ice massage, gel packs, refrigerant gases and inflatable splints can be used. Cold is also used to reduce the recovery time as part of the rehabilitation programme both after acute injuries and in the treatment of chronic injuries. Cryotherapy has also been shown to reduce pain effectively in the post‐operative period after reconstructive surgery of the joints. Both superficial and deep temperature changes depend on the method of application, initial temperature and application time. The physiological and biological effects are due to the reduction in temperature in the various tissues, together with the neuromuscular action and relaxation of the muscles produced by the application of cold. Cold increases the pain threshold, the viscosity and the plastic deformation of the tissues but decreases the motor performance. The application of cold has also been found to decrease the inflammatory reaction in an experimental situation. Cold appears to be effective and harmless and few complications or side‐effects after the use of cold therapy are reported. Prolonged application at very low temperatures should, however, be avoided as this may cause serious side‐effects, such as frost‐bite and nerve injuries. Practical applications, indications and contraindications are di

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00090.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This review is based on the results of 308 operations for unexplained, chronic groin pain suspected to be caused by an imminent, but not demonstrable, inguinal hernia: the ‘sportsman's hernia’ (SH). No differences in perioperative findings between cured and non‐cured athletes were found. However, there was a remarkable difference between the various perioperative findings in the studies. It was characteristic that further clinical investigation of the noncured, operated athletes gave an alternative and treatable diagnosis in more than 80% of cases. Herniography was used consistently in the diagnostic process in all the studies on SH. However, in 49% of cases hernias were also demonstrated on the opposite, asymptomatic groin side. In conclusion, the final diagnosis (and treatment) often reflects the speciality of the doctor and the present literature does not supply proper evidence to the theory that SH constitutes a credible explanation for chronic groin

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00091.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this investigation was to examine calf muscle strength and cross‐sectional area in 29 middle‐aged men (current mean=48.4±3.1 years) who had significant differences in their physical activity levels. These men were initially evaluated to determine the physiological requirements for successful distance running in the late 1960s at a time when they were all considered elite distance runners. Based on their training regimens in the interim between testing, subjects were described as highly trained (HI;n=10), fitness trained (FIT;n=12), or untrained (UT;n=7). In addition, an aged‐matched sedentary group (CON;n=7) was tested. Each subject was evaluated for Vo2maxplantar flexion calf muscle strength and cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the lower leg (gastrocnemius and soleus). Muscle CSA was determined by computed tomography, whereas calf strength measurements were made using a specially designed leg restraint system and an isokinetic dynamometer. There were no significant differences in plantar flexion strength (at 60 and 180°/s) or CSA of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles among the groups. Calf muscle strength per CSA was also similar at both test velocities for all groups. These data demonstrate that middle‐aged distance runners who have continued to run at a relatively high level for 20–25 years have similar calf muscle CSA and strength compared with aged‐matched males who run significantly les

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00092.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to find out whether fatiguing calf‐muscle exercise affects postural sway during standing. Thirteen healthy subjects with a mean age of 25 years participated. Body sway in one leg stance was measured on a force plate before and after fatiguing exercises of the calf muscles of the subject's right leg. Repeated measurements for up to 10 min after exercises showed no increase of body sway. The results indicate that postural control in quiet standing can be maintained by compensatory mechanisms activated during muscle fatigue. A significant decrease of body sway over time on the non‐fatigued leg indicated a learning effect. A similar decrease was not observed on the fatigued leg, indicating interference of compensatory mechanisms on learn

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00093.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fifty‐six men aged 42–73 years (50.2±10.0 years), who were competitive distance runners 20–25 years previously, were examined for bone mineral density (BMD) to determine the relationship between sustained distance running and BMD. Subjects were classified as being highly trained (HT,n=17), moderately trained (MT,n=29) or untrained (UT,n=10) according to their training in recent years. Subjects in each group were of similar age (HT 46.5±2.01, MT 53.0±1.51, UT 46.7±2.44 years) and lean body mass. Total body weight (kg) and percentage fat, however, were significantly greater (P<0.05) in the UT group than in either the MT or HT groups (UT 80.6±2.44 kg, 22.0±1.16%; MT 74.9±1.51 kg, 17.5±0.61%; HT 70.5±1.71 kg, 13.5±0.59%). Lumbar vertebrae and hip region BMD (g·cm−2) was determined via dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA). No differences in BMD were found among the three groups in either the lumbar (HT 1.00±0.02, MT 1.02±0.03, UT 1.07±0.04 g·cm−2) or the hip regions (HT 0.99±0.03, MT 0.98±0.02, UT 1.06±0.04 g·cm−2). Furthermore, none of the groups had BMD that was significantly different from age‐matched normative values taken from a reference database. A moderate correlation was found between body weight and BMD when combining all subjects (r=0.38 for lumbar andr=0.41 for hip). These results indicate that middle‐aged to older males who have sustained exercise training in the form of running do not have significantly different lumbar vertebrae or hip region BMD compared to in

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00094.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Musculoskeletal injuries occur frequently in connection with physical activity. More information was sought on pretraining factors that may predispose to such injuries. Data were obtained on the age, height, weight, aerobic fitness as measured by a 3000‐m run test, and health as assessed on the basis of a medical examination, of 912 male conscripts prior to an 8‐week period of basic military and physical training. Injuries were registered as they occurred by doctors attached to the training camp. Every fourth to fifth conscript suffered one or more musculo‐skeletal injuries during basic training. Achilles tendinitis, low back pain, periostitis or compartment syndromes, and overuse knee injuries were the most frequent diagnosis groups. In 74% of the injuries, a tentative cause was related to organized service activities. According to univariate analyses, risk factors were age over 23 years, high body mass index (BMI), slow run times and dysfunctions of the back or lower limbs. A lower classification of mental health, but not dysfunctions of the lower limbs, was an additional risk factor if only injuries with causes connected with organized service activities were considered. Height and weight were not associated with injuries. In multiple logistic regression analysis, age and 3000‐m run times were masked by correction for BMI, while BMI, dysfunctions of the back and lower limbs, and reduced mental health showed the same significance as in the univariate a

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00095.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During the 1993–1994 volleyball season, injuries to players in the two Danish elite divisions were registered by means of a questionnaire survey. Eighty per cent of the players returned the questionnaire. A total of 70 female players reported 79 injuries and 67 male players reported 98 injuries, representing an overall incidence of 3.8 injuries per player per 1000 volleyball hours played. The injury incidence was the same for female and male players. Most injuries occurred in spiking (32%) and in blocking (28%). The injuries were predominantly either acute injuries to fingers (21%) and ankles (18%) or overuse injuries to shoulders (15%) and knees (16%). Shoulder injuries seemed to be a more serious problem in females. During the past 10 years the rate of overuse injuries has increased from 16% to 47% in male elite volleyball, corresponding to a significant increase in the incidence of these injuries from 0.5 to 1.8 injuries per player per 1000 played hours (P<0.001). A possible explanation for this could be a 50% increase in training activity during this perio

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00096.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare muscular activation in sitting and standing in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome and healthy controls. Eleven women with patellofemoral pain syndrome and nine healthy controls were evaluated regarding: (a) muscle performance in sitting compared to standing ‐ knee extensor torque was registered in sitting with a Kin Com dynamometer and in standing with a force plate, and quadriceps muscle activity was registered with EMG in both sitting and standing; and (b) ability to maximally voluntarily activate during sitting isometric knee extension.Maximally tolerated single‐twitch electrical stimulation was superimposed on 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of maximal voluntary activation. Additional torque from the single twitch was documented. Five patients and all nine controls were tested twice (tests a and b) with 2 days between tests, and high reproducibility could be demonstrated. A significantly higher torque during sitting compared with standing was found in both patients and controls, but with a significant correlation between sitting and standing torque values. No significant difference was found between patients and controls. Single‐twitch electrical stimulation superimposed on maximal voluntary activation resulted in increased torque in two of the nine controls compared to 10 of the 11 patients. The average increased torque in the patients were significantly higher than in the controls and estimated to 18%. It was concluded that sitting isometric measurements are representative of the ability to produce standing isometric knee torque. A moderate degree of inhibition was demonstrated during sitting strength measurements in the patients (not studied in stan

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00097.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Peroneal tendon dislocations occur in sports, particularly in skiing and soccer. This paper presents the outcome of 15 patients with post‐traumatic recurrent peroneal tendon dislocations, operated on with a soft‐tissue reconstruction of the superior peroneal retinaculum, i.e. reattachment and reinforcement, in combination with a retrofibular groove deepening. Mean follow‐up was 3.5 (2–7) years after surgery. There were no redislocations and no neurovascular injuries. The functional results were satisfactory in 13/15 (87%) patients, with full range of ankle motion and no pain. The two patients with unsatisfactory functional results had restricted ankle motion and pain on exertion. This simple reconstruction seems to be a good alternative to other more complex procedures and can be recommended in patients with recurrent peroneal tendson dislocations. Conservative treatment is not an option in patients with recurrent peroneal tendon dislocations, due to persistent symptoms of instability

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00098.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this bi‐centre study was to assess the possible effects of the addition of the Kennedy ligament augmentation device (LAD) in the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The method of reconstruction used was a modification of the Brückner and Broström procedures, using the medial third of the patellar tendon tunnelled through the proximal tibia into the lateral femoral condyle and fastened with pull‐out sutures. Eighty‐two patients with chronic ACL insufficiency and severe symptoms of instability in spite of physiotherapy were randomly selected for reconstruction with or without a LAD. The LAD‐augmented knees had the synthetic augmentation stitched to and embedded into the autogenous tissue and the composite graft was pulled through a femoral tunnel and stapled proximally. The patients were followed up regularly and the 2‐year results are presented here. The outcome in both groups was good. The augmented‐knee group had a larger extension deficit 1 month post‐operatively compared to the non‐augmented knee group but a smaller extension deficit at the 2‐year follow‐up. There was no difference in the median of the Lysholm knee function score but there were more patients in the non‐augmented group with a lower Lysholm knee function score

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00099.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY