ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00295.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The influence of marathon fatigue on both running kinematics and economy was investigated with 8 subjects. The measurements included a treadmill test at 3 steady submaximal speeds performed before and after the marathon. One complete left leg cycle was videotaped at 100 Hz from the left side at each speed. The analysis included contact time (braking and push‐off) and flight time as well as displacements and angular velocities of the left hip and knee. This analysis was complemented by the measurements of the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the gastrocnemius muscle at each running velocity, and energy expenditure (Ė) of the last 30 s at the 2 slowest speeds. The results revealed significant increases of Ė at these 2 speeds, but the changes were not related to kinematic changes, which were greatly individual. However, the relative duration of the push‐off phase was significantly increased at the 2 slowest speeds, and the gastrocnemius muscle presented higher integrated EMG values in the respective braking (NS) and push‐off phases at the 2 fastest speeds. This might indicate a loss of tolerance to impact during the belt contact. The results failed, however, to demonstrate that running kinematics and running economy are interrelated when fatigue progresses. It is also possible that observed kinematic changes might reflect some adaptation to fatigue more than real failure to compensate

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00296.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of short‐term altitude training on sea‐level physiological characteristics in elite runners was investigated. Seven middle‐distance runners (6 men, 1 woman) belonging to the Swedish national team (mean age 23 years) spent 2 weeks of training at 2000 m above sea level in Kenya. Treadmill tests were performed before and 6 and 12 d after the altitude sojourn. Six other runners (4 men, 2 women) had a corresponding training sojourn at sea level in Portugal (control group). Ro of the runners (1 man, 1 woman) in the Kenya group were omitted from the study because of gastroenteritis. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max; pretravel: Kenya group 212 and control group 188 ml · kg−0.75‐ min−1), maximal treadmill time and oxygen cost of running were unchanged in both groups. The maximal oxygen deficit increased in all subjects after the Kenya sojourn (mean 19±6%). Heart rates during running at specified submaximal running velocities were lower post‐altitude (Kenya group), but tended to be higher after sea‐level training (control group). Maximal heart rate was unchanged in both groups. Perceived exertion (Borg) during submaximal running was lower post‐altitude. Submaximal and maximal blood lactate and plasma catecholamine concentrations were not altered in any of the groups. Post‐exhaustive plasma ammonia levels were decreased 12 d after altitude descent in the Kenya group. The results suggest an unchanged aerobic capacity in elite middle‐distance runners after short‐term training at moderate altitude. However, a change in the circulatory regulation during submaximal exercise was observed. Furthermore, anaerobic capacity improved but this bore no clear relation to lact

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00297.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A number of strength parameters were investigated in a group of subjects with chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency; The response of subjects' hamstring muscles to a perturbation on an isokinetic dynamometer was fractionated into the premotor and motor times. Rate of force development in the 75 ms following the perturbation was also measured. The functional ability of the subjects was examined using the Noyes knee rating system. The results showed that the motor time was significantly correlated with the rate of force development and functional ability of the subjects. The ratio of hamstring to quadriceps torque recorded at peak and 30° flexion during isokinetic muscle work at 180°/s was also investigated. No significant relationship was observed between these ratios and functional ability. These findings indicate that factors other than peak hamstring muscle torque may be important to the level of functional ability attained by people with chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficienc

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00298.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Prospective epidemiologic data on all sports injuries were collected in a casualty ward for 1 year in a well defined geographical area with 124,321 inhabitants. A total of 1839 sports injuries were registered; 1535 (83%) of those injured completed questionnaires covering the sports, economic and social consequences of the sports injury. The incidence of sports injury was 61 per 1000 active sports players per year and 15 per 1000 inhabitants in the catchment population per year. The injuries resulted in an average sick leave from work of 3 d and 4 weeks out of competition and training; 16% had chronic health problems 2 years after injury and, unexpectedly, as many as 7% stopped participating in sports. The total net loss of income was DKK 147,900 (USD 23,000), an average of DKK 1781 (USD 270) for each person who had a financial loss. Abbreviated Injury Scale scores, hospitalization rates and inpatient time were correlated.

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00299.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During the winter of 1986–1987, 1123 skiing injuries among 66,298 Danes in the Austrian Alps were treated by a physician. The male‐female ratio was 1.0. The incidence of skiing injuries was 2.5 per 1000 skiers per day; 0.3% of the skiers (84 women and 98 men) suffered a fracture. Significantly more women suffered knee distorsions and ligament injuries than men. In contrast, men suffered more luxations and distorsion of the shoulder, head contusions and tibial fractures than women. Lesions of the thumb were equally distributed between women and men. Preventive efforts should be addressed to the knee, ankle and th

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00300.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During the 1987–1990 ski seasons. 325 consecutive patients sustained downhill skiing injuries at a skiing area in central Finland. The calculated injury rate was 0.94 per 1000 skier‐days (0.9%) and 0.56 per 1000 skiers (0.06%). Forty‐one percent of the injuries were located in the lower limbs and 37% in the upper limbs. Sprain was the most common type of injury (34%), followed by fractures (22%) and contusions (17%). Only 7% of the patients needed surgery. The estimated mean cost of medical treatment and sick leave was FIM 5500 (USD 1400) per pa

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00301.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The incidence and type of gastrointestinal complaints among endurance runners were investigated with a questionnaire among participants in a marathon event in northern Finland. The running distances were 1/4, 1/2 and full marathon. The fitness level of the participants varied from habitual joggers to national‐class endurance runners. The response rate of the 426 participants was 55% (230). Gastrointestinal disturbances during the run were reported by 32% of the respondents. The prominent symptom during the 1/4 marathon was stitch (32%). The main complaints during the 1/2 marathon were stitch (21%), pain (12%), and retching or heartburn (5%). The most frequent symptoms during the full marathon were stitch (16%), pain (9%), diarrhoea (4%) and nausea (4%). Gastrointestinal symptoms hindered maximal performance subjectively for 16%, 18% and 19% in the 1/4, 1/2 and full marathon, respectively. Most of the symptomatic runners (73%) had suffered from gastrointestinal complaints during the preceding training period, and 25% of the asymptomatic runners reported previous gastrointestinal troubles during trainin

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00302.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The most common syndromes in young athletes are apophysitis, especially Osgood‐Schlatter and Sever's disease. According to a retrospective questionnaire of 67 patients with Sever's disease treated at the Sports Medical Research Unit in Turku, the main sports causing this syndrome were related to running. The pain appeared on average at the age of 12.2 years (boys 12.5 and girls 11.8) and was unilateral in 85% of the cases; 54% of the patients were boys. The pain was typically worst at the end of exercise and afterwards. On average, the patients were forced to stop training because of pain for 1.3 months (<2 weeks in 55% of the patients) and the syndrome interfered with fully effective training for 2 months in 28% of the cases. After a 2‐month symptom‐free period, Sever's disease recurred in 28% of the cases. Later, 48% of the patients contracted also Osgood‐Schlatter disease. The diagnosis of Sever's disease is clinical and the treatment is symptomatic. Sever's disease is cured by the fusion of the epiphysis with the calcane

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00303.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this retrospective study, 24 patients with acute isolated complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures selected for conservative treatment were re‐examined a median of 45 months after injury. Selection for conservative treatment was made after careful patient information, taking into consideration desire for physical activity at work or leisure, interest in sports and muscular fitness. The reference group for the evaluation methods used included 50 students and 22 patients selected for surgical augmentation and reconstruction. In a subjective evaluation, the conservatively treated patients were satisfied, but objectively they had low functional scores and the pivot shift sign was often positive. Arthrometry showed that these patients had an increased anterior displacement of the tibia in relation to the femur in their injured knees. The patients who had a clearly positive pivot shift sign (grades III and IV) had an increased anterior laxity not only in the injured knees but also in the uninjured knee

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00304.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY