摘要:

Anaerobic power is characterized by a high degree of specificity regarding both the recruited muscles as well as the recruitment pattern. The popular Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) is a cycling test that does not satisfy the need for a running‐specific anaerobic test. We describe such a test, using a novel type of a commercially available treadmill (BRL 1800, Gymrol, France). The ergometer is equipped with a torque motor to neutralize the frictional resistance of the treadmill belt, and a hip‐belt harness connected to a horizontal rod. Force applied to the harness is monitored by a strain gauge mounted on the rod, while vertical movement is monitored by a potentiometer at the posterior fixed end of the rod. These, in conjunction with the treadmill belt speed, enable the computation of horizontal and vertical power as well as the combined total output. Power is calculated both as ‘peak’ power (highest 2.5 s segment) and ‘mean’ power (20 s duration). Preliminary results of young athletes were generally consistent with the expected age‐related changes in anaerobic power. Values obtained on the anaerobic treadmill were always higher than the corresponding WAnT values previously obtained in comparable age groups. The higher values were probably due to the larger muscle mass involved and the shorter peak and mean power durations (2.5 and 20 s versus 5 and 30 s in the WAnT, respectively). This test should enable not only running‐specific anaerobic power monitoring but also the characterization of the relationship between the horizontal and vertical component

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00468.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of meal frequency on changes in body composition by food restriction were investigated. Twelve boxers were divided between a two meals day−1group (the 2M group) and a six meals day−1group (the 6M group). Both groups ingested 5.02 MJ (1200 kcal) day−1for 2 weeks. Although there was no difference in change of body weight by food restriction between the two groups, the decrease in lean body mass (LBM) was significantly greater in the 2M group than in the 6M group. The decrease in urinary 3‐methylhistidine/creatinine was significantly greater in the 6M group than in the 2M group. These results suggest that the lower frequency of meal intake leads to a greater myoprotein catabolism even if the same diet is c

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00469.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two forces act on a human body motionless in water: weight (W) and buoyancy (B). They are applied to the center of mass (CM) and to the center of volume (CV) of the subject, respectively. CM and CV do not coincide; this generates a torque that is a measure of the tendency of the upper part of the body to rise, rotating around its center of mass. To quantify this tendency, Pendergast&Craig defined ‘underwater torque’ (T1) as the product of the net force with which the feet of a subject lying horizontally in water tend to sink, times the distance between the feet and the center of volume of the lungs. In this paper we have investigated: (a) the relationships between T1and body weight (BW), height (H), body surface area (BS), body density (BD) and leg density (LD) in a group of 30 subjects (group A, 14 females and 16 males, age range 16‐50 years); and (b) the effect of gender and growth on T1in a group of 110 subjects (group B, 67 girls and 43 boys, age range 12‐17 years). In group A, T1was found to be linearly related with BW (r= 0.833,P<0.001), H (r= 0.803,P<0.001), BS (r= 0.866,P<0.001), BD (r= 0.617,P<0.001) and LD (r= 0.549,P<0.005). A multiple linear regression analysis showed that BS and BD explained about 85% of the variability of T1(r2= 0.85). In group B, T1was found to increase linearly with age (r= 0.47,P<0.01), the increasing rate being three times higher in boys compared with girls. As a consequence, the T1ratio between boys and girls increased with age, from 1.69 at 13 years to 2.04 at 1

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00470.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the 5‐year‐period 1988‐1992, 6096 children aged 6‐17 (54.5% boys and 45.5% girls) were treated at the Emergency Department at Esbjerg Central Hospital after having sustained a sports injury. The data were registred according to the European Home‐ and Leisure‐Accident Surveillance System (EHLASS) protocol. We found a total incidence rate in the municipality of Esbjerg of 73.3 per 1000 per year. Boys were most often injured in soccer, skateboard, handball, gymnastics and basketball, and girls in handball, horseriding, gymnastics, basketball and roller‐skating. The types of injuries were contusions 37.1%, fractures 22.0%, sprains 24.8%, wounds 9.5%, strains 5.0% and luxations 1.4%. The hospitalization rate was 3.8%. Compared to other studies the total incidence

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00471.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The starting lists for the alpine disciplines during the 1994 Olympic Winter Games in Lillehammer totalled 555 racers, but only 354 of them (64%) completed the different races. The race completion rate was 43% in the slalom, 51% in the giant slalom, 75% in the super giant slalom and 91% in the downhill. In combined downhill/slalom the race completion rate was 60%, but 96% in the downhill and 68% in the slalom part of the combination, respectively. Only three injuries were recorded, all in females. Including the training competitions a total of 1541 runs through the different alpine courses was recorded during the games. This means an injury rate of 1.9 injuries per 1000 runs. For downhill the injury rate was only 1.1 per 1000 runs. If the injury rate is related to the number of skiers who did not finish the race because of falls or skiing errors, the rate was 21.1 injuries per 1000 falls (skiing errors) for all alpine races. In conclusion, the race completion rate was twice as high in downhill as in slalom, and the injury rate was low.

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00472.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study assessed the ultrasound characteristics of the patellar tendon in two groups of volleyball players, one group without knee symptoms and one group with symptoms of jumper's knee. Of 47 male elite players, 25 were diagnosed to have current and seven to have had previous symptoms of jumper's knee, as determined by clinical examination. Since some players had bilateral problems, there were 34 knees with current problems and nine with previous problems. Seven of the 30 knees with a clinical diagnosis of jumper's knee in the patellar tendon had normal ultrasound findings, and ultrasound changes believed to be associated with jumper's knee (tendon thickening, echo signal changes, irregular paratenon appearance) were observed in 12 of 51 knees without symptoms. Specific ultrasound findings such as paratenon changes, hypoechoic zones or pathological tendon thickness proximally did not correlate significantly with the degree or the duration of symptoms. This study suggests that the specificity and sensitivity of ultrasonography is low in the evaluation of patients with mild symptoms of jumper's knee.

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00473.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this study was to describe elbow problems among goalkeepers in team handball. A questionnaire was sent to the coaches of 449 senior and 32 junior teams in Norway in 1992. Of these, 304 coaches responded (63%) and their teams were included in the study. A total of 329 out of 729 goalkeepers (45±1.8%) and 166 out of 4120 court players (4.0±0.3%) were reported by their coaches to have current or previous symptoms from one or both elbows when playing handball. In response to a second questionnaire sent to all the goalkeepers (729; response rate 81%), 41±2.0% reported current elbow problems and an additional 34±2.0% reported previous problems. During a 2‐year observation period from 1992 to 1994, 8.6±1.8% of the goalkeepers with previously healthy elbows experienced elbow problems. The typical complaint was recurrent pain and disability episodes, each with an acute onset, but with varying duration. The mechanism of injury for the goalkeepers appears to be repeated hyperextension traumas. We conclude that elbow pain and disability is a significant problem for a large number of goalkeepers in team handball. These problems may be described as a syndrome called ‘handball goalie'

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00474.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The ‘oxidation hypothesis’ states that oxidative modification of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) is important in the pathogenesis of the atherosclerotic lesion. Physical exercise has been reported to reduce clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. We compared the effects of aerobic physical exercise history on oxidation characteristics of plasma LDL at rest in non‐smoking male veteran endurance athletes (n= 15) and control subjects (n= 16). As an indicator of LDL oxidation we used a method which provides an estimate of LDL diene conjugation in vivo. The athletes had lower plasma LDL cholesterol diene conjugation (P= 0.003). They also had lower cholesterol, lower LDL and higher high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Intensive physical exercise energy expenditure correlated inversely with LDL diene conjugation (r=−0.41,P= 0.021). We conclude that participation in intensive physical exercise training is associated with reduced plasma LDL fraction oxidation as reflected by LDL diene conjugation. This finding may have relevance for studies aiming to explain the variation in occurrence of ischemic he

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00475.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two cases of traumatic bilateral Achilles tendon rupture are reported. One of the patients was a healthy middle‐aged man, who had been an active nationallevel gymnast 20 years earlier. He had not suffered any complaints of Achilles tendons before. The ruptures occurred when, after a sauna, he showed his guests a vault forwards, which he had been able to perform easily. This time the landing took place on the toes, causing a high peak stretch to the calf muscles and Achilles tendons. The total rupture of both Achilles tendons was treated surgically, with an excellent result 2 days after the trauma. End‐to‐end suturation and a fascial flap plasty were made on both sides. No macroscopic degeneration could be detected on the rupture sites. He was allowed to walk freely 6 weeks after the surgery. The second case was a 54‐year‐old woman, who had suffered from Achilles tendinitis and peritendinitis for 2 years. Both tendons had been surgically treated, and severe adhesions and local degenerative changes had been found. The tendon rupture occurred when she injured her left ankle while getting out of the car. Two days later she fell at home, because of the weakness of the left side, and consequently the right Achilles tendon was injured. She was treated conservatively for 10 days, before the surgery was performed. Both tendons were ruptured and an extensive degeneration of the area was observed. The right side suffered from a rerupture, which was again treated surgically. After surgery the recovery was slow, but the final result 3 years later was moderate. Neither of the patients had any systemic

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00476.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study presents a unique observational approach to basketball, based on the theory of psychological performance crisis in competition. The approach used takes into account the responses of a player's actions to significant social factors such as team‐mates, spectators, the coach and the referees. The contribution of this approach beyond traditional observational techniques is discussed. In our investigation, a single case design was used, in which a professional basketball player was observed during 10 home and 3 away games of the regular season. The relations between the observations and the crisis concept are discussed in detail. In addition, some relevant methodological and applied aspects are presente

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00477.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY