ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00339.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Compared with the knowledge on immobilization, the effects of remobilization on musculoskeletal tissues have not been well established. What is sure is that remobilization and rehabilitation of any component of the musculoskeletal tissues require much more time than the time needed to cause the immobilization atrophy. With intensive rehabilitation, the functional properties of skeletal muscles can be improved significantly even years after the injury and following immobilization, but no study has shown whether full recovery is possible and whether these rehabilitated muscles are able to respond normally to further training. Experimental studies have given evidence that slow‐twitch muscle fibres have better capacity for recovery than fast‐twitch fibres, most likely due to better circulation and higher protein turnover. Also evidence has been given that fibre regeneration is possible through satellite cell activation and myotube formation. Very little is known, however, about the effects of age, gender or the level of preimmobilization muscle performance on the restoration capacity. Also the fate of the marked structural changes (for example, connective tissue accumulation) induced by immobilization is unknown. Tendon and ligament tissues are likely to respond appropriately to remobilization, resulting in acceleration of collagen synthesis and fibril neoformation. However, there is a strong suspicion that remobilized tendons and ligaments will not achieve all the biochemical and biomechanical properties of their healthy counterparts. Specifically, the amount of weak type III collagen has been shown to be overrepresented in these tissues instead of mature, strong type I collagen. It is not known whether this is an important risk factor for ruptures during later activity. The effects of remobilization on muscle‐tendon junction and proprioceptive organs are not known. It would not be surprising if the serious structural changes induced by immobilization were unrestorable. In the literature dealing with immobilization and remobilization, cartilage degeneration is always a major concern, because not only too strenuous training or immobilization, but also unskilful remobilization may activate this process leading finally to osteoarthrosis. Bone may be one of the best components of musculoskeletal tissues to respond to remobilization, probably because the immobilization atrophy of bone is largely quantitative (osteoporosis) only. The prerequisites for bony recovery are that the follow‐up time is long enough (months) and that immobilization has not exceeded about 6 months, the time limit between active and inactive (irreversible) osteoporosis. Prevention of the atrophying effects of immobilization can be very successful if performed properly. According to present knowledge, there are many methods for the purpose, including preimmobilization training early, controlled mobilization; optimal positioning of the immobilized joint; muscular training during immobilization; early weightbearing; exercise with the nonimmobilized extremity; and electrical stimulation. Lots of education and information will be needed, however, before these methods are deeply rooted in the daily routines of the attending physicians, physical therapists, athletic trainers and other persons involved in the treatment of musculoskeletal p

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00340.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Muscle protein catabolism and circulatoxy deregulation are the major determinants of the loss of physical fitness during and after acute infectious diseases. The proneness to contract infections seems to be higher following intense and prolonged exercise due to temporary immunodeficiency. Conversely, exercise training up to a certain level may be associated with improved immune function. During ongoing infection, baroreceptor stimulating activity limits fitness deterioration, whereas strenuous exercise may be hazardous, especially if cardiotropic micro‐organisms are suspected or proven. After abatement of symptoms and fever, gradually increasing activity and training may generally be promptly resumed in most infections; myocarditis and mononucleosis, however, require individualized recommendation

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00341.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cardiac rehabilitation programs started to develop in the early 1970s. At that time the emphasis was on physical training. The goal was early return to work and lowering of mortality. Today, cardiac rehabilitation also includes risk factor modification and stress management. From 1972 to 1986, 22 randomized, controlled trials were performed to evaluate whether cardiac rehabilitation would be able to decrease mortality and improve people's ability to return to work. Although all of them reported an increase in physical working capacity, only one reported a decrease in mortality. However, a meta‐analysis of the 22 trials was reported in 1989. The study found a 20% decrease in total mortality and a 22% decrease in cardiovascular mortality, both significant. This article describes the principles of cardiac rehabilitation and different types of program models with a detailed description of 3 different programs. It also reviews the effect of cardiac rehabilitation on mortality and its use in primary preventio

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00342.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI), defined as urinary leakage during physical exertion, affects 26–33% of exercising women. The prevalence of SUI increases with pregnancy, childbirth and age. However, prevalence studies have shown greater than 30% prevalence among women who have not had children. SUI leads to withdrawal from physical activity and to changes in the way exercise is performed. High‐impact activities, especially jumping with feet apart, are a major trigger for leakage. SUI can be effectively treated with pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength training. However, more than 30% of women with SUI are not able to contract the PFM correctly at the ht attempt and need thorough individual instruction and feedback. A cure rate of 60% has been demonstrated after 6 months of intensive strength training of the

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00343.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Simple methods are needed to assess the total body fat (TBF) of individual human subjects. In addition to the commonly used skinfold thickness (SFT) technique, alternative methods to estimate TBF have recently been developed. In this comparative study the TBF content of healthy Swedish women was estimated by 3 simple methods: the SFT technique, near infrared interactance (NII) and bioelectrical impedance (BEI). The results were compared with estimates obtained by underwater weighing (UWW). The SFT technique was found to have the best accuracy and precision (UWW‐SFT = 0.6±3.1% TBF,n=20; UWW‐NII=‐1.2±4.0% TBF,n=20; UWW‐BEI=3.3 ± 3.6% TBEn= 16). The NII technique was found to overestimate TBF in lean subjects and TBF was underestimated in obes

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00344.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Follow‐up results of 141 patients with simple obesity were compared with those of 147 obese subjects who did not take part in the group behavior therapy comprising comprehensive guidance for daily diet and physical exercise. The initial body weight of the therapy and the control groups was 83.6 ± 1.2 kg (body mass index: 29.7 ± 0.3 kg/m2) and 80.4 ± 0.8 kg (29.0 ± 0.2 kg/m2), respectively. After 6 months, a 4.7 ± 0.5 kg weight loss of the therapy group was significantly greater than only a 1.2 ± 0.4 kg weight loss of the control group. Paper questionnaires concerning the longterm results showed that pup behavior therapy is effective for at least 3–4 years in the case of obese Japanese patients. Therefore, group therapy sessions should be recommended at 3‐ to 4‐y

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00345.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Intervention strategies have been described, and the effect of the intervention has been evaluated in three subsamples belonging to the third cohort of 70‐yeardd people who have been studied lontitudinally in Göteborg, Sweden. The subjects who had been exposed to intervention measures were more physically active at the age of 76 than the controls. They participated to a greater extent in gymnastics groups and walking pups and took part in more other physical activities. Women in the intervention group did not change over the years concerning knee extensor strength, whereas women in the control group became weaker. Both groups of men showed a decrease in knee extensor strength and all subjects showed a decrease in maximal walking spe

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00346.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship between habitual physical activity, self‐rated physical fitness and maximal walking speed and the health‐related quality of life according to the Nottingham Health profile (NHP) was studied in 233 men and 292 women 76 years of age. Subjects with higher physical activity reported fewer problems with energy, pain, emotions and physical mobility, and in men also less social isolation. Correlations between physical activity, fitness and walking speed and the NHP dimensions were usually stronger in men than in women. The reciprocal dependence between quality of life and a maintained level of physical activity and fitness may, thus, be especially evident in

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00347.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Seventeen patients (15 men and 2 women) with surgically repaired Achilles tendon ruptures had a mobile cast applied for 6 weeks after the operation that allowed free ankle joint motion. A 12‐month follow‐up study was performed, with measurements of isokinetic muscle torque in a modified Cybex II dynamometer and a dynamic heel‐raise test of muscle fatigue. A majority of the patients were weaker on the treated side in both the isokinetic and the heel‐raise tests. The isokinetic plantar flexion torque showed larger differences at an angular velocity of 12°/s than at 90°/s. Seven of the patients in the heel‐raise test showed considerable differences between the treated and untreated sides, but our analysis could not explain this with an

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00348.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY