摘要:

In a series of studies we have shown that salivation, a cephalic phase preingestive response, habituates to repeated presentations of olfactory or gustatory cues in nonobese subjects.Previous research has studied the differences in anticipatory response to food cues in obese vs. nonobese subjects. This study was designed to assess if obese and nonobese females differed in their patterns of salivary response to repeated presentation of palatable food cues. The salivary response to 10 gustatory presentations of lemon yogurt was studied in 10 obese and 10 nonobese nonrestrained women. Results showed significant differences in the pattern of salivary responding, with obese subjects showing a significantly slower decline in salivation than nonobese subjects. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that obese women differ from nonobese women in their pattern of response to repeated food cues. The results are discussed in relationship to models of intake that focus on differences in satiety or differences in the reinforcing value of food between obese and nonobese subjects.

ISSN:0033-3174    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This article analyzes the literature on the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).It briefly exposes the theoretical basis for each treatment modality and extensively examines pharmacological, behavioral, cognitive, and psychodynamic therapies, as well as group and family therapies, hypnosis, inpatient treatment, and rehabilitation. Articles were identified by scanning Medline and PsychLit for all papers in English reporting treatment of PTSD. Anecdotal case reports were, then, excluded. Eighty one articles were identified and categorized as either biological or psychological, with the latter category further divided into behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, and other treatment modalities. Information regarding the type of trauma, the sample studied, the treatment method, and the results of the treatment has been extracted from each article and is presented briefly. A synthesis of findings in each area is provided. Most studies explored a single treatment modality (e.g., pharmacological, behavioral). The cumulated evidence from these studies suggests that several treatment protocols reduce PTSD symptoms and improve the patient's quality of life. The magnitude of the results, however, is often limited, and remission is rarely achieved. Given the shortcoming of unidemnsional treatment of PTSD, it is suggested that combining biological, psychological, and psychosocial treatment may yield better results. It is further argued that rehabilitative goals should replace curative techniques in those patients with chronic PTSD. A framework for identifying targets for each treatment modality is presented.

ISSN:0033-3174    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Self-efficacy, one's expectations regarding the ability to perform some specific task, was studied prospectively in the adaptation process of stoma patients. One week after surgery, stoma-related self-efficacy was assessed in 59 patients (26 cancer patients and 33 patients with benign diseases) who had undergone intestinal stoma surgery. Twenty-nine items concerning self-efficacy were formulated. Factor analysis with oblique rotation resulted in two factors: a social functioning-related self-efficacy factor and a stoma care-related self-efficacy factor. Psychosocial adjustment was assessed by means of the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS-SR) at 4 and 12 months after surgery. The PAIS-SR renders one global adjustment score and (in this study) five subscores for adjustment to specific life domains: vocational environment, domestic environment, sexual relationship, social environment, and psychological distress. In a multiple regression analysis, the relevance of self-efficacy for later adjustment was determined after partialing out the effects of relevant sociodemographic and medical factors. Strong evidence was found for the important role of self-efficacy in the process of adapting to a stoma; stronger feelings of self-efficacy shortly after the operation predicted fewer psychosocial problems in the course of the first postoperative year. Stoma care-related self-efficacy appears especially important in the first phase after surgery. Social functioning-related self-efficacy explains significant proportions of the variances in PAIS-SR total score and PAIS-SR subscores, in both the short (4 months after surgery) and long runs (12 months after surgery). If patients expect to be able to take care of their stoma, their postoperative adjustment is relatively good. By strengthening patients' self-efficacy, this adaptation process may be accelerated, and the psychological and social burden can be lightened.

ISSN:0033-3174    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0033-3174    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0033-3174    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0033-3174    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID