摘要:

AbstractPipelining science and technology may be regarded as developing through several generations, the first two being fluid and slurry pipelining, respectively. Third generation pipelining in which it may be possible to extend the practice and economies of such transportation methods to an even wider spectrum of commodities may be defined as the flow of materials in capsule forms, as massive rigid or semi‐rigid segments of the supporting fluid. The flow of such capsule forms is recognized as a flow configuration which is stable, being normally encountered in the flow of equal‐density immiscible fluids over a wide range of conditions. Because the capsule forms occupy appreciably less than the total cross‐sectional area of the pipe, they move at a velocity greater than the average over‐all velocity. In addition, the pressure gradient of a stream in turbulent flow tends to be reduced, rather than increased, by the presence of capsul

ISSN:0008-4034    

DOI:10.1002/cjce.5450410202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPredictions of capsule velocity and pressure gradient accompanying capsule flow are made for an idealised system in which a long cylindrical capsule moves concentrically with respect to the pipe.The capsule velocity always exceeds the average velocity, for example, by 22% for laminar conditions and 3% for turbulent conditions, when the ratio of the capsule diameter to the pipe diameter is 0.8.The pressure gradient accompanying capsule flow is related to the pressure gradient which would exist if the fluid alone flowed in the pipe at the same average velocity as the combined flows for different combinations of laminar and turbulent conditions. For each combination only a moderate increase in pressure gradient is predicted provided the diameter ratio does not exceed about 0.9. In the particular case of turbulent flow in the capsule‐free system and laminar flow in the annulus between the capsule and the pipe a decrease in pressure gradient of as much as 20% is predicted.A regime of instability is predicted in which neither laminar nor turbulent flow is stable in the annulu

ISSN:0008-4034    

DOI:10.1002/cjce.5450410203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper reports measurements and theory concerning stationary, resonant single bubbles which have been formed in a vertically vibrating liquid column at frequencies of 40–1050 c./s. With liquids of high viscosity (ca. 10 poise) the bubbles can be made large enough to occupy the entire cross‐section of the 2 1/2 in. diameter column: intense agitation is produced in the liquid above the large bubble or slug. Theoretical equations are derived for the resonant frequency of the stationary bubbles: agreement with measured frequency is within 20% for bubbles which only partly fill the column cross‐section and within 10% for bubbles occupying the entire cross‐section. Viscous damping appears to be important in the latt

ISSN:0008-4034    

DOI:10.1002/cjce.5450410204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA study was made of local rates of heat transfer and pressure losses in the vicinity of annular orifices. Various airflow rates and tube‐to‐orifice clearances were considered. Correlations were obtained for the value of the heat transfer coefficient at the orifice centre and the location and value of the maximum heat transfer coefficient downstream from the orifice. The marked effect of an upstream orifice on the coefficient at a downstream baffle is shown. Orifice pressure drop is correlated with a dimensionless pressure drop function, and results agree with those of previous work

ISSN:0008-4034    

DOI:10.1002/cjce.5450410205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA generalized treatment of age distributions in a flow system is proposed. In this work the inflowing stream is allowed to have an arbitrary but stationary age distribution before entering the system. The inventory material may also have an arbitrary age distribution initially. The flow rate of inflowing stream may be a variable with respect to time in certain special cases.

ISSN:0008-4034    

DOI:10.1002/cjce.5450410206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe air flow resistance of filter papers containing fine glass fibres was measured in the region of streamline flow. Average fibre diameters ranged from 0.18 to 14.4 microns and paper porosities from 0.75 to about 0.94. At atmospheric pressure, the data were correlated by the equation\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \Delta P = k\frac{{L\mu V}}{{g_c D_f^2 }}\frac{{\left({1 - \varepsilon } \right)}}{\varepsilon } $\end{document}which was derived from an expression for the drag force on an individual fibre perpendicular to the direction of flow. The resistance coefficientkvaried with fibre diameter according to the empirical relationship\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ 1/k = a + b\left({C - 1} \right) $$\end{document}and was about 30 for the largest fibre diameter and 1.6 for the smallest.Two alternative methods are proposed for adapting the equation to pressures below atmospheric.

ISSN:0008-4034    

DOI:10.1002/cjce.5450410207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHeat transfer coefficients for total condensation at 750 mm. Hg of saturated, binary vapors have been measured for the four systems n‐pentane + n‐hexane, methanol + methylene dichloride, n‐pentane + methanol, and n‐pentane + methylene dichloride. Condensation was entirely filmwise for the first two systems, but was non‐filmwise (dropwise in the extreme) for the last two at low temperature differences for solutions dilute in n‐pentane. In the non‐filmwise cases the heat transfer coefficients are greater than expected for filmwise condensation, but the difference is not nearly as great as occurs for steam condensation. This indicates the existence of a resistance in the vapor film for mixtures, as postulated by Colburn and Drew in 1937. Dropwise condensation of vapor mixtures does not require a promoter, and indicates that interfacial tension forces may not always be neglected in considering the stability of homogeneous condensate films

ISSN:0008-4034    

DOI:10.1002/cjce.5450410208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe liquid‐vapor phase relationships in the system sulphur dioxide‐water have been investigated by the dew and bubble point method. Measurements were made in the pressure range 4 to 250 atm. and the temperature range 25 to 350°C. At the higher temperatures and pressures the mixture in the tube reacted to give sulphuric acid and sulphur and the data in this region are inaccurate.Below the consolute temperature of 127.5°C. two liquid phases can be formed and the system becomes invariant when a vapor phase is also present. At higher temperatures the phase diagrams are of simple shape, and above the critical point of sulphur dioxide the liquid‐vapor inhomogeneous regions become progressively smaller, eventually disappearing at the critical point o

ISSN:0008-4034    

DOI:10.1002/cjce.5450410209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-4034    

DOI:10.1002/cjce.5450410210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-4034    

DOI:10.1002/cjce.5450410211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY