摘要:

AbstractWhen modeling discriminatory trade policies, such as targeted embargoes or targeted subsidies, failure to explicitly include assumptions about the possibility of simultaneous exporting and importing may yield misleading results. Nonlinear programming and “vector sandwich” models implicitly set rules regarding arbitraging which may be at variance with actual policies and/or country behavior. The paper introduces an alternative spatial model which allows the researcher to explicitly incorporate her own assumptions about arbitraging. An analysis of the 1980 U.S. embargo to the USSR shows how the proposed model performs relative to the most frequently used spatial trade models.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1242887

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDynamic adjustment of Japanese livestock markets is analyzed under two alternative import policies: the 1988 Japanese Beef Market Access Agreement (BMAA) and complete liberalization of Japanese beef import policies. Modeling problems associated with these policies include the change from a quota to a tariff, the incorporation of a meat demand system derived from utility‐maximizing behavior into a livestock policy model, complementarity, and changes in the degree of producer supply responsiveness under alternative policies. An econometric model of the Japanese livestock industry is used to simulate and compare the impacts of the two policies from 1988 through 1997.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1242888

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe competitive structure of U.S. agricultural exports is examined using a model of exporter behavior based on pricing decisions across destination markets. Market power is revealed in the adjustment patterns of export prices in response to exchange rate movements. The results reject the hypothesis that the export pricing decisions by U.S. firms are consistent with price discrimination across destination markets for cotton, corn, and soybeans. The strongest evidence against the competitive market structure is obtained for international trade in wheat, where results indicate that the two largest importers (Soviet Union and PRC) may exert market power to obtain lower prices.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1242889

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCash and in‐kind export subsidies are compared. It is found that the ability to enhance real farm income via export subsidies is sensitive both to the form (cash vs. in‐kind) and the point of policy intervention. In‐kind subsidies of the type granted under the Export Enhancement Program can in fact reduce real‐farm income. Export subsidies are examined under three separate scenarios: no target price or nonrecourse loan programs, a target price but no nonrecourse loan program; and a nonrecourse loan program but no target price program. The presence of a nonrecourse loan program dampens the impacts of both cash and in‐kind export subsidies.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1242890

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInput restrictions are commonly used to prevent rent dissipation in fisheries. This paper examines whether these schemes are successful by calculating the degree of input substitution between restricted and unrestricted inputs. Conventional elasticities of substitution cannot be used when the firm faces controls on the use of some inputs. In this case, the appropriate measure of substitution, the elasticity of intensity, must be used. Data from the British Columbia salmon fishery provide evidence of input substitution possibilities for two vessel types. These results call into question the usefulness of input control schemes.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1242891

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the presence of conveyance losses, the efficient quantity of water applied falls with distance from the water source, but the amount of water “sent” (including conveyance losses) actually increases with distance from the source, except toward the tail end of the irrigation system. This implies that if marginal cost pricing were implemented, farmers at the middle and lower reaches of the system would have to pay more money for less water received. The model is illustrated and alternative financing schemes compared for an empirically derived demand function for irrigation water.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1242892

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFish culture is an efficient means of protein production. However, in contrast to land animals, fish cannot be fedad libitumbecause feed not consumed within a few hours is decomposed. This paper presents a bioeconomic model for determining cost‐effective feeding regimes for pond‐reared fish. The interplay among feed allowance, diet quality, and harvest date is explored. The optimal control model used is flexible, incorporates the effects of water temperature on fish appetite, and can be used to gain insight into efficient management of aquacultural production systems in different geographical regions.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1242893

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe success of soil conservation compliance (CC) hinges on participation in commodity programs. Using mixed integer programming, the profitability of participation in commodity programs was examined on seventeen surveyed North Carolina farms. Without CC, cross compliance in commodity programs increased projected soil erosion by over 80% when participation increased from 30% to nearly 90%. With CC, erosion fell by two‐thirds at the high participation level but decreased by only 1% with low participation. Individual farm acreage base and crop yield strongly affected the profitability of CC. Compliance is increasingly profitable on farms with more base acreage and higher yields.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1242894

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe research reported here examines the ability of a sample of Midwest township officials to produce low‐volume rural road services in an economically efficient manner. Farrell‐type measures of input use and scale efficiency are reported. Results suggest that over 50% of costs may be unnecessarily incurred because of input use inefficiency. Correlation between output measures and the efficiency measures suggests that larger jurisdictions are more efficient than smaller jurisdictions. In addition, 84.5% of the townships exhibit technology characterized by increasing returns to scale. These results suggest that jurisdictional consolidation of production‐related responsibilities may yield substantial cost savings.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1242895

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBased on data from the 1979–80 Survey of Food Consumption in Low‐Income Households, this paper estimates the effects of changes in cash income and the food stamp benefit on household nutrient availability, while controlling for two potential sources of selection bias. The major finding of the empirical analysis is that the estimated dietary effects of changes in food stamp benefits are considerably larger than those resulting from changes in cash income, with estimates of the ratios of the MPC for the food stamp benefit to the cash‐income MPC ranging from three to seven across nutrients. No significant evidence of selection bias was found, and the estimated dietary effects of food stamp benefits from the selection bias models are similar to those from the basic model estimated by ordinary least squares regression.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1242896

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY