摘要:

AbstractThis study of farm—nonfarm migration in southeastern United States from 1950 to 1960 was made within the conceptual framework of costs of and returns to the activity of migration from agriculture. The costs—returns framework proves to be a useful analytical framework. Nonfarm income potentials of farm people specific to their age, education, nonfarm occupational experience, and race, in addition to the potential costs of giving up farm income and capital gains, were hypothesized to be determinants of farm—nonfarm migration. The implications of the conceptual framework are that there should be significant responses of the farm population to differential rewards in the farm and nonfarm sectors for these factors. Results in a multivariate statistical analysis indicate a strong migration response to income incentives.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236174

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe reduction in the quantity of labor available to agriculture has been a topic of substantial interest. This article focuses on factors affecting the rate of reduction in the labor force, with particular attention to income as an influential variable. The study differs from others in the form of the models and in the type of data (county) used in testing them. The most interesting finding is that those in farm work were responsive to income differences, as neoclassical economic theory suggests, but that their response was not dramatic.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236175

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent land‐retirement programs have succeeded in achieving their major objective, which was to reduce existing or potential surpluses of grains, but the cost has been relatively high per unit of production. By altering land‐retirement programs so as to pay only for land retired, and not for idle equipment and labor as well, and by concentrating payments in those areas where land costs are low relative to annual output per acre, measured in terms of grain equivalent, the government might reduce total public costs substantially. Relatively simple administrative criteria are suggested to aid in deciding where land should be withdrawn if the primary objective is to minimize the public cost of achieving a given adjustment in grain production.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236176

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCross‐commodity data rather than time‐series data were used to determine the incidence of increased marketing margins. Changes in the farm prices of the several food groups were found to be negatively associated with changes in output per man‐hour, the best available indicator of changes in cost of production. On the other hand, changes in marketing margins were not meaningfully related to farm price changes. For the same food groups, the market‐basket data on farm and retail prices, plus the USDA indices of changes in farm output, provided a framework for showing the extent of the shifts in retail demand, farm demand, and farm supply functions. The indicated shifts in the farm supply curves were generally consistent with the productivity effects previously noted.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236177

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe central problem of this paper is to explain the decline in the farm share of U.S. consumer expenditures for food. The statistical analysis is mainly concerned with estimating the demand for and supply of food‐marketing (distribution and processing) services. The findings indicate that the increase in household purchases of marketing services from 1929 to 1962 resulted from an increase in demand. The supply of marketing services kept pace with the increase in demand so that there was no apparent trend in the “real” price of services. About one‐third of the post‐World War II decline in the farm share of consumer expenditures for foods is attributed to a greater increase in the demand for services compared with the demand for farm products; two‐thirds is attributed to an increase in the supply of farm products relative to demand.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236178

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlmost 22 percent of the cash farm income from farming in the United States is derived from the sale of cattle. Much of the market information available to those who buy and sell cattle is based on animals meeting the federal grade standards for live animals. In this paper (a) a method is proposed for measuring the accuracy with which federal grade standards for beef cattle can be interpreted, (b) the accuracy with which seven graders estimated the grades of 497 cattle is reported, and (c) the risk incurred by buyers and sellers of live animals is evaluated. The results suggest that it is possible to save more than $50 million annually by eliminating the risk associated with the trading of live animals.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236179

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe application of economic theory to problems of price‐quantity adjustments in bargaining situations has been limited by the importance of variables which are not subject to quantification. This paper shows how some of these behavioral variables can be incorporated into an economic model to increase the predictability of the equilibrium adjustments between two segments of an industry. In this article, experimental work done by Siegel and Fouraker on individual behavior under bargaining conditions is incorporated into an economic model based on theoretical propositions developed by Edgeworth, Fellner, and others. The absolute limits of the bargaining range are established by the minimum profits acceptable to the firms engaged in negotiation. The equilibrium position within this range is determined by the distribution of bargaining power. The model is illustrated with the Michigan asparagus industry, in which a technological change in harvesting resulted in substantial shifts in the distribution of profits. The bargaining negotiations between producers and processors established a series of new prices for the raw product. On the basis of the analytical model, the outcome of the adjustment is hypothesized to be within a relatively narrow range of prices. This hypothesis is tested against the empirical evidence of actual adjustments in the industry and implications for further group action by producers are presented.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236180

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe primary objective of this paper is to present to economists and students an efficient method for deriving long‐run projections of many interrelated economic variables. Several useful equilibrium concepts are given precise definition. A simple set of supply and demand equations is used to demonstrate that mathematical analysis of dynamic econometric models is a powerful tool for projecting future time paths of certain economic variables. Short‐run or impact multipliers and long‐run multipliers are derived. Impact multipliers relate to the estimated effects of a change in the exogenous variables on the values of the endogenous variables in the current period. Long‐run multipliers describe the estimated effects of a once‐and‐for‐all change or continuous changes in exogenous variables on projected values of the endogenous variables. These multipliers are potentially useful in policy appraisal and long‐run analyses.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236181

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article is an attempt to clarify some confusion that has been apparent in the literature of agricultural economics in recent years with respect to providing a criterion for determining the optimum replacement pattern for long‐lived assets. In particular, for appreciating assets of the type represented by growing timber, the previous criteria have generally overlooked an important item of marginal cost: namely, the interest on the total revenue obtainable from the sale of the asset. These criteria have hence provided a replacement pattern which is longer than the the optimum.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236182

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article presents estimates of the relationship of total expenditure per person to expenditure on various items of food in India. These are presented in the form of elasticities and are based on cross‐sectional data from various rounds of the National Sample Survey. During the period from 1951 to 1957 there appears to be a slight decline in food expenditure elasticities. Regional differences in food expenditure elasticities reflect differences among regions in climate, traditions, rates of growth, and food prices. For India as a whole, expenditure elasticities in food grains, milk and milk products, edible oil, sugar, and salt are higher in the rural than in the urban areas. The expenditure elasticities for meat, fish, and eggs are higher in the urban than in the rural areas.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236183

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY