摘要:

AbstractSince Britain, with a population of 800 people to the square mile, imports two‐thirds of her food supply as measured in calories, or one‐half as measured in value, her food requirements must of necessity dominate her trade policy. Although the introduction of labor‐saving machinery, the greater use of fertilizer, and the experimental work of British scientists have all helped to increase agricultural production, still climatic conditions and the limited amount of farmland (only slightly over half an acre per head) place restrictions on what British farmers can do. They can meet most of the requirements for such foods as bacon, eggs, and milk, which can be produced on a small land area, and they can increase their production of fruits and vegetables through more use of glass‐houses. But for most meats and food grains, Britain must rely on overseas trade. In trade consultations with Britain, the United States should recognize this fact and not expect Britain to join us in applying economic sanctions without some compensation, perhaps in the form of special privileges in her trade with this country.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236210

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrice discrimination between domestic and export markets by exporters of agricultural commodities is a long‐established practice. It has been common for exporters to charge lower prices in world markets than in home markets. In recent years, some countries that are major importers of agricultural products have adopted minimum‐import‐price schemes to insulate their domestic prices from world prices. The effects of such trade barriers on the price‐discrimination practices of exporters is examined. As minimum‐import‐price schemes become more widespread, it may be more profitable for exporters to charge higher prices in export markets than in their own domestic markets. The implications of reversing the direction of price discrimination are explored for exporters, importers employing minimum‐import‐price schemes, and importers with no or minimal trade barriers.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236211

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA multi‐equation model of the beef‐and‐pork sector of the economy was used to determine quarterly marketings of beef or pork that would have maximized annual gross farm income from beef and pork each year during 1950–1961. Fixing beef marketings at their actual levels, we find that pork producers could have increased their annual gross incomes an average of 45 percent if they had reduced marketings by an average of 35 percent. Fixing pork marketings at their actual levels, we find that beef producers could have increased their gross incomes an average of 25 percent by reducing marketings an average of 30 percent. Several other constrained and unconstrained maximum solutions were computed. Cross‐effects were evaluated. Effects on retail prices of reductions in farm marketings and compensating variations in consumer incomes required to offset these retail‐price increases were computed.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236212

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEconomists have developed a carefully reasoned network of theoretical restrictions applying to price and income elasticities of demand. Yet, because supplies of many farm‐produced commodities are fixed in the short run, agricultural economists often find that price flexibilities are more useful and easier to measure empirically, especially in marketwide situations. Theoretical restrictions on demand elasticities imply a complete, largely unexplored set of corresponding restrictions among price flexibilities. These flexibility conditions apply to column sums, row sums, and cross‐coefficient symmetry within a multicommodity flexibility matrix. As with elasticities, the theoretical relationships among price flexibilities have implications for applied research.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236213

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCosts and returns research on western cattle ranches invariably shows low or negative net returns. Yet ranch sale values, including the sale values of public grazing permits, remain at high levels. There appears to be confusion in either the facts or their evaluation. This confusion carries over into public‐grazing‐fee policy. The authors offer the hypothesis that not all “outputs” produced by an investment in a cattle ranch have been included in previous conventional analyses. Since these additional outputs are as much a part of the return on investment as is the output beef, they should be considered in evaluating use fees on public lands. Measurement of these extra marginal value products not directly associated with the utilization of grass is difficult. Therefore, the total MVP of the bundle of resources is estimated by the use of regression analysis with information on actual ranch sales as data. These estimates, when compared with data from other sources, give insights into the relative importance of several motives for purchasing a ranch. A policy conclusion is that change to a bidding procedure in setting use fees would be desirable.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236214

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFarm land prices are analyzed in both a theoretical and an empirical framework. The theoretical analysis describes how the representative firm reacts to the expectation of increased income in the context of technological advance and farm price supports by bidding up land prices. The empirical analysis builds on the theoretical formulation and assumes that farm land prices are determined by the interaction of the supply of and demand for land. The major forces influencing supply are nonfarm employment opportunities and return on nonland investment. Demand is influenced by changes in expected income from farm land, which in turn are influenced by prices, urbanization, and farm technological advance. The role of technological advance in raising income expectations is stressed, with the conclusion that technological advance benefits, not the farm operator or farm manager, but the farm land owner.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236215

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study compares agriculture in the United States with agriculture in Australia with respect to technological change as measured by the Solow model. Over the past three decades the rate of technological change has been about four times as fast in the United States as in Australia. The analysis indicates that three‐fourths of this difference may be attributed to two structural features: (a) economies of size associated with out‐migration of labor, and (b) the composition of output. The study concludes by noting, first, that comparisons between regions or between countries may help one to understand the character of technological change, and, second, that because of structural differences, the introduction of technical improvements into the agricultural sectors of different countries may not yield similar results.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236216

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article proposes a method for analyzing the way agricultural resources are organized from point to point around the world. The method is based mainly on the identification of the institutional dimensions of the classical factors of production associated with any particular system of agricultural resource organization. A classification scheme for categorizing the various systems of agricultural resource organization, based on management and tenure criteria, is presented and developed briefly. The “systems analysis” approach presented here is useful to the development economist since it serves, among other things, to draw attention systematically to the great variety of possible factors affecting the development of any particular agricultural economy.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236217

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article provides an estimate of prospective social returns to the Israeli form of agricultural‐settlement unit introduced into Western Nigeria in 1961. Evaluation is based on FAO data covering 13 farm‐settlement units and including 19 crop and livestock‐raising activities. Benefit‐cost analysis is used to determine whether the project meets the minimum criteria applied to investment components of the 1962–1968 Nigerian Development Plan, and the evaluative framework is designed (a) to isolate cases where the project can be judged without recourse to measurement of external benefits from those cases where such estimation is required, and (b) to permit examination of the effects on estimated returns resulting from different assumptions about product and factor prices. If the FAO projections of product prices and the government wage and borrowing rates are used as a basis for evaluation, the project appears to be a justifiable component of the National Development Plan; this conclusion is severely weakened when the product‐ and factor‐price assumptions are examined. Acceptability of the project is found to be very sensitive to the possibility of capital rationing and to rather tenuous assumptions about the prices of cocoa and poultry products. Finally it is noted that the rapid expansion of the project leaves it open to substantial losses if the technical assumptions about inputs and yields prove incorrect.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236218

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article analyzes the first several years of a small cooperatively operated agrarian‐reform project in Chile. It is predicated on the idea that in a more inclusive reform, technicians will be aided by studies of how small‐scale reform has worked. The study concludes that a lower level of consumption would have helped colonists in making land and capital payments. Alternatives which involve less sacrifice, however, are to use available family labor more efficiently, thus lowering operating costs, and to raise production by more intensive farming. By comparing the farm under reform with a well‐managed but traditionally operated unit with similar soil resources, we have demonstrated that a margin of unexploited productivity exists on the colonized farm. This margin can be realized only if proper technical assistance is provided to help settlers—who have had little experience as entrepreneurs—arrive at a more nearly optimum combination of factors.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236219

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY