摘要:

AbstractBesides its educational function, extension is expected to generate political support for the land grant universities. The necessary conditions for extension programs to elicit political support are for them to (a) be a positive net benefit, (b) be clearly attributable to extension, (c) be feasible of political solicitation, and (d) have benefits of sufficient magnitude to motivate political action. The characteristics of programs that affect these conditions are the attributes of (a) incompatible use, (b) exclusion costs, and (c) joint impact. The instrument of program design that influences these attributes is the degree to which information is particularized to a specific audience.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1241810

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractConcerns about external debt and energy security have motivated several developing countries to develop biological technologies to substitute for petrochemical inputs. This paper examines the economic feasibility of azolla as a source of nitrogen in Philippine rice production. Green manuring with azolla is found not to be cost effective. Substantial savings from intercropping with azolla can be realized only if the cost of nitrogen from azolla is compared with the price of nitrogen from ammonium sulfate, but not if urea is used as the basis of comparison. Farmers would benefit more from liberalization of import controls on urea. Additional research is needed to develop appropriate chemical‐saving systems before investing heavily in extension.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1241811

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIndicators of efficiency and incentives derived from trade theory, such as the domestic resource cost coefficient (DRC) and effective protection (EP), are generally presented as simple means. Analysis of their distributions, using farm data on millet and sorghum production from West Africa, shows them to be highly variable and, in some cases, to be significantly skewed. The analysis also shows the indicators to be highly elastic to changes in such parameters as input and output prices. If this variability is not considered when making inferences from such data, policy recommendations can be seriously misleading because they are based on different farming populations.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1241812

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper demonstrates that lags between retail and wholesale food prices can be explained by inventory behavior of retailers. Theoretical considerations indicate that the markup model should be modified to include a Jorgenson‐type user cost variable, which depends on expected future wholesale price. The rational expectations hypothesis is used to derive price expectations. The retail price specification, therefore, depends on the stochastic process generating expected wholesale price. The econometric methodology, employing both causality testing and nonlinear estimation, is illustrated by estimating monthly price relationships for beef. The results are consistent with the theory and indicate rejection of the markup model.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1241813

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper addresses the intertemporal allocation of supplies and the simultaneous determination of spot and futures prices in the U.S. corn and soybean markets. It presents simultaneous equations models in a comparative study of U.S. commodity markets, with separate functional relationships for long and short hedgers, long and short speculators in futures, consumers, and holders of unhedged inventories.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1241814

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA model of competitive pressure groups is proposed for explaining public provision of agricultural extension services and tested against county data from four midwestern U.S. states. The allocation of extension staff time is explained by variables representing the average wealth position and membership size of farm and nonfarm pressure groups. Also, farmers' schooling is shown to have a large negative relationship to the provision of county agricultural extension services, which suggests that they are substitutes.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1241815

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCongress called for an evaluation of potential grazing fees and fee alternatives by 1985. This study contributes to that evaluation and constitutes an economic evaluation of the current and seven other fee systems. Fee systems are evaluated for total welfare, income distribution, future discrepancies between fees and forage values, public administration cost, usage potential, administrative feasibility, and data requirements. These criteria are found to be mutually inconsistent, particularly for welfare, future discrepancies, public administration cost, and income distribution. Fee systems most consistent with these criteria involve ones based on private land lease rates, government administration costs, or competitive bidding.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1241816

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUsing the expected utility‐moment‐generating function approach, a land allocation rule is derived which is both independent of the nature of the underlying distribution of each element in the choice set and accounts for all moments of that distribution. This decision rule is applied to the choice between cotton and corn in the Mississippi Delta to demonstrate that consideration of just the first two moments of the distribution can often be unjustified and damaging empirically, theoretically, and in terms of the utility of the decision maker.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1241817

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA general stochastic inequality is presented which utilizes lower partial moments to generate sharp upper bounds on safety‐first type probabilities. Alternative forms of the inequality often generate less conservative probability bounds than Chebychev's mean‐standard error and Berck and Hihn's mean‐semivariance inequalities. Of particular interest is the linear lower partial moment version which utilizes absolute deviations below a fixed reference point. A constraint is developed which, if enforced in an optimization model, guarantees that safety‐first probability concerns are satisfied while selecting the least constraining level for the reference point.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1241818

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA firm‐level land valuation model is deduced which depends on the expected growth rate in net cash returns to land, inflation expectations, and property, income, and capital gains taxes. It is then aggregated to obtain an aggregate two‐sector land valuation model. That model is then estimated for twenty‐four individual states for the period 1960–81. In addition, a pooled cross‐sectional regression model is estimated combining the twenty‐four‐state data. The model results demonstrate that significant state differences exist in the land market and that in many states, agricultural land values are influenced by nonagricultural demand for land.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1241819

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY