摘要:

AbstractThe research process is never devoid of value judgments. Nevertheless, motivation of the researcher does not necessarily render work unobjective in a scientific sense. Threats to scientific objectivity include the difficulty of changing a publicly expressed viewpoint, a vested interest in a particular theory, the desire to avoid controversy, and the desire for financial gain. The researcher must be careful, however, to avoid equating his own views with the “public interest” and condemning those with opposing views as lacking scientific objectivity.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237620

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRegional research in economics under the Research and Marketing Act of 1946 is at a crossroad. If certain organizational problems are not resolved, commitments by administrators and reseachers to regional research will continue to decline. The habits of thought of administrators, inherent weaknesses in the committee setup, and experience with focusing research on state and local problems made it easy to plan and conduct “regional” research with little regard to regional problems and team effort. Regional research should extend a warm welcome under an inspiring environment to well‐qualified researchers. Suggestions for improvement of regional research include: (1) experimentation with programs of regional research in contrast to a series of narrowly defined, uncoordinated, short‐term projects; (2) the appointment in some cases of regional coordinators to effectuate the policies and plans of regional committees; (3) the establishment of regional research centers with small staffs for certain types of projects; and (4) more flexibility in size and composition of regional committees.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237621

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn presenting a concept of effective competition—that is, of a socially desirable state of affairs in an industry or a market—a writer should be specific about the issues, definite about his own views, explicit about necessary versus sufficient conditions, realistic about whether desirable conditions are attainable, discriminating in judging between a condition and its effects, comprehensive in listing market deficiencies, and stringent in describing his ideal. By this author's standards, a market is effectively competitive if and only if it is free of 25 flaws: unsatisfactory products, underuse or overuse, inefficient exchange, inefficient production, bad externalities, spoliation, exploitation, unfair tactics, wasteful advertising, irrationality, undue profits or losses, inadequate research, predation, pre‐emption, tying arrangements, resale price maintenance, refusals to deal, undesirable discrimination, misallocation of risk, undesirable mergers, undesirable entry, misinformation, inefficient rules of trading, and misregulation.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237622

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe lockset method of sequential programming was used in this study to route feed delivery trucks and indicated potential distance savings of as much as 20 percent in comparison to the actual routes used by the business concerns. It was also found that in some cases the number of trucks required to make the deliveries could have been reduced from the number actually used, without changing the day of delivery. Feed manufacturing firms from New England to California supplied information on actual deliveries. An ex post routing of the same trucks to deliver the same quantities to the same receivers was made and the distance and number of trucks needed were compared with the distance and number of trucks actually used. Typical distance reductions were from 8 percent to 12 percent. In no case did the actual routing show fewer miles than the routes discovered by use of the lockset method. The system is computerized to enable a dispatcher to design delivery routes and issue loading instructions for each truck as soon as orders for a given day are known.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237623

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOrderly marketing requires standardized products. Current USDA inspection criteria prevent the packer from completely standardizing cured hams on the basis of protein and moisture content. It is argued that changes in the current cured meat inspection procedures might result in (1) a more standardized product for consumers and (2) more accurate price signals for farmers, which could increase the reward to those swine producers whose product is of high quality. If the inspection criteria were changed so that cured hams could be standardized on the basis of a moisture‐protein ratio of 3.79∶1, a simultaneous equation model indicates that the gross live‐weight price differential between swine producing high‐protein hams and those producing low‐protein hams could widen to $2.42 per hundredweight.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237624

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMarketing orders are utilized for the express purpose of improving returns to growers. Higher quality requirements and supply or rate‐of‐flow management are the major tools in such an effort. The adoption of the marketing order for South Texas carrots permitted a limited test of the hypothesis that derived demand would increase during the order period. The hypothesis is reasonable because of the relatively low quality image of Texas winter carrots. It appears that demand at the grower level in Texas did increase during the order period whereas demand at the f.o.b. levels in Texas and the major competing production area, California, remained unaffected. In effect, the spread between grower price and f.o.b. price narrowed in Texas. If most of the increase in demand was due to improved quality, total returns to growers probably increased as a result of the culling‐price relation.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237625

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe retail price elasticity of demand for cigarettes is a particularly important parameter for social decisions at this time. Results from prior cigarette elasticity studies vary widely, ranging from −0.10 to −1.48. Temporal changes may explain some of this variation, but differences in research methods are more important. The quasi‐experimental approach used in this article yields an elasticity estimate (−0.511) free of many of the extraneous and irrelevant systematic influences that afflict time‐series and cross‐section methods. In addition, the length of run of the elasticity is known and explicit. The method provides built‐in protections against bias from trends in collinear variables and produces sensible estimates with reasonably small and measurable dispersion.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237626

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEconometric studies of the demand for farm tractors in the United States and the United Kingdom are compared within a theoretical framework. The motivation behind the demand for tractor services appears to have been similar, the results being consistent with profit‐seeking behavior of farmers whose investment decisions are constrained by uncertainty and available finance. However, whereas the dominant explanatory variable in the United Kingdom has been the real price of tractors relative to agricultural wages, the dominant variable in the United States appears to have been the price of tractors relative to crop prices. In addition, in the United States farm size changes have affected the use of tractor stock and thus the demand for tractors, whereas in the United Kingdom this was not the case. An attempt is made to explain the differences in investment behavior by reference to differences in the structure of the labor force, farm size, and government agricultural price and taxation policies.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237627

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA mathematical model is presented, which uses a multiplier approach to determine the relation of farm income to total income in a community, state, or region. Application of the model to Kansas data for the years 1950 to 1966 showed (a) that, on the average, $1.00 of farm income generated $3.33 of total income, whereas $1.00 of nonfarm income generated only $1.46 of total income, (b) that the farm sector expended 88.4 percent of its income in the nonfarm sector, whereas the nonfarm sector expended only 10 percent of its income in the farm sector, and (c) that there was an increasing interdependence between the farm and nonfarm sectors from 1950 to 1966

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237628

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLeakage due to the importation of goods and services is an important consideration in an impact analysis, since leakage reduces the multiplier effect. Through use of the input‐output technique, leakage coefficients can be estimated in order to determine the dampening effect of imports on sector multipliers. The only additional data requirement is information on the distribution of imports among the sectors of an economy. Leakage coefficients measure the indirect as well as the direct effects of the importation of goods and services. Leakage coefficients for changes in total output, income, and employment can be estimated from the standard input‐output model. Leakage coefficients are useful in research on area development, where measures of the total economy are needed. Estimates can be made of the “loss” of economic activity in a region due to imports and the “gain” which results from reducing imports. It is possible to estimate the reduction in leakage resulting from the elimination of part or all of the imports of one or more sectors of an economy.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237629

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY