摘要:

AbstractConsistency with market equilibrium places constraints on the pricing policies of food marketing firms in a competitive industry. This paper examines the implications of simultaneous equilibrium in three related markets: retail food, farm output, and marketing services. From equations representing the demand and supply sides of each market, elasticities are generated which show how the farm‐retail price spread changes when retail food demand, farm product supply, or the supply function of marketing services shifts. Implications for the viability of simple markup pricing rules and the determinants of the farmer's share of the food dollar are discussed.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238402

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe variability in prices often of concern to producers is that which occurs after a production decision has been made but before the commodity can be marketed. A portfolio‐type analysis is used to formalize this problem and describe the role futures markets can perform in facilitating the management of this risk. Data from the egg market are used to illustrate hedging opportunities for an egg producer. The results show that hedging a substantial percentage of expected production can significantly reduce a producer's exposure to the risk. Additionally, a total hedging scheme performed nearly as well as an optimal scheme.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238403

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA transshipment plant location model is used to determine the number, size, and location of new subterminals, expansions in storage capacity of existing country elevators, the rail network, and the monthly flows of grain from origins to elevators to destinations to maximize joint net revenue of grain producers within a 6 1/2‐county region. A grain transportation system having fewer rail lines would increase joint net revenue. Country elevators incapable of loading multiple‐car trains would be used as storage facilities and transship much of their grain to market through subterminals. Total net revenue varied by 1% or 2% over a wide range of rail abandonment plans.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238404

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn activity analysis model is developed to determine the optimum period of production at a chain of sugarcane processing plants and the optimal regional transport network flows of cane and raw sugar. Explicit treatment is given to discrete variations in input quality which affect revenue at each plant location in each time period. Optimal solutions to three market configurations open to a multifacility monopolist—spatiotemporal quality competition, spatial quality competition, and pure competition—are obtained. Results suggest that, for given output, industry net revenues can be increased when explicit consideration is given to input quality variations relative to industry net revenues associated with treating inputs as homogeneous.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238405

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUnder yield and utilization uncertainties, optimum planted acreage may be estimated using the concept of disequilibrium costs—those costs incurred when production is not matched with utilization. A model to minimize expected disequilibrium cost is formulated and applied to peanut seed acreage in Georgia. Since larger disequilibrium costs result from underproduction than from overproduction of peanut seed, optimum seed acreage increases substantially when allowances are made for existing yield and utilization uncertainties.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238406

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGroundwater withdrawal from underground aquifers in excess of natural recharge is causing land surface subsidence along the Texas coast. External costs of subsidence are estimated from a survey of damages and losses in property value in the Houston‐Baytown area of Texas. Estimates of total costs, primarily in fresh‐ and saltwater flooding, are used in a break‐even analysis to compare areal costs of groundwater to costs of water from surface sources. Substitution of surface water for all groundwater that results in subsidence is suggested as a means of minimizing total water costs to the area.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238407

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPolicy issues associated with the management of a coastal groundwater aquifer and soil salinity are examined for an irrigation area in northwest Mexico. The primary policy issues are the intertemporal rate of use of the groundwater stock, the allocation of water between irrigation and leaching, and the selection of crops. A management model, cast in a dynamic programming format, indicates that the aquifer should be mined at a rapid rate near the beginning of the planning horizon, gradually decline through time, and converge to safe yield after twenty‐nine years. Further, a larger percentage of total water use should be allocated to leaching to maintain soil salinity at lower levels.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238408

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn economic model is developed to determine optimal nitrogen fertilization policies for seeded grasses in semiarid regions where nitrogen carry‐over is significant. The problem is cast in the framework of stochastic dynamic programming and an application of the model is made at two sites in the Nothern Great Plains. A new statistical method was used to estimate carry‐over nitrogen and the forage yield‐response function simultaneously. Nitrogen carry‐over was estimated implicitly through yield response without direct measurements of nitrogen.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238409

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMexico has recently expanded its exports of tomatoes, peppers, and cucumbers to the United States. In order to evaluate possibilities for further expansion, a linear programming production model for specific regions in Mexico was constructed and tested. Various equilibrium situations were analyzed to appraise possible future trends. Special features of the model were the inclusion of risk, demand functions for all crops, and allowance for both competitive and monopolistic supply structures. It was concluded that rising wage rates and tighter supply controls would halt Mexico's expansion of export winter vegetables.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238410

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA model which simulates the results of potential policy strategies directed toward alleviating problems of underdevelopment in rural areas is developed and utilized. For each strategy simulated, limited public funds are assumed allocable among various types of development activities (public assistance, human development, job development). Findings indicate that with a 30%–40% annual increase in development allocations, study area poverty can virtually be eliminated in no more than fifteen years. Public assistance and industrialization programs are found to be the necessary bases of potentially successful development plans.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238411

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY