摘要:

AbstractThis paper compares the U.S. and Canadian grain‐marketing systems, emphasizing wheat. The historical evolution of each system is first presented; then each system's performance is evaluated using such criteria as producer prices and export market shares. The particular marketing system by itself is not the only determinant of performance differences of the two systems; government policies also play a role. Furthermore, the two marketing systems do not operate independently of each other. Often the Canadian Wheat Board uses the private system in the United States to carry out the delivery of grain once sales have been made; also, at times, the Board has made direct sales to U.S. grain firms.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1239725

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractClass I price differentials maintained by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and producers during 1965–75 generated Grade A milk supplies in excess of fluid needs and reserves for the federal order system. As required by specified norms, USDA has adopted federal milk order provisions which reduce pronounced seasonality of milk production and lessen certain types of erratic and extreme price variation. If federal milk orders were eliminated and cooperatives and state agencies were barred from replacing the orders, then fluid milk markets characterized by lower Class I differentials, greater milk price variability, and smaller Grade A milk surpluses might emerge.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1239726

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractComparative price information for major Ottawa supermarkets was collected over a twenty‐eight‐week period and published in daily newspapers during a five‐week test period. In response to the information, the dispersion of prices across stores and chains narrowed, the average level of prices of the market dropped, and consumer satisfaction increased relative to the control market. Consumers transferred patronage to the lower priced stores. Consumers indicated a willingness to pay 34¢ per week on average for the price comparison information. Estimated consumer benefits far exceeded the cost of the program.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1239727

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe economic viability and potential development of the Canadian rapeseed processing industry has been affected by a statute which allows raw rapeseed to be placed in export position at a rate two and one‐half to three times lower than the processed oil and meal products and by a high Japanese rapeseed oil tariff. An analysis was undertaken to evaluate the effects on prices and trade flows of rapeseed, rapeseed oil, and rapeseed meal from policy changes in the Japanese rapeseed oil tariff and in Canadian freight rate policies. A four‐region, three‐commodity, spatial‐equilibrium, quadratic‐programming model of the world rapeseed industry was constructed to measure the impact of the various policy changes.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1239728

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe recent theoretical and empirical literature on the role of exchange rates in agricultural prices and trade is reviewed. Specifically, alternative specifications of the exchange rate in excess demand functions are considered. Results show that the specification most common in recent theoretical and empirical work is unnecessarily restrictive and may bias the resulting analysis. Several less restrictive specifications for empirical research are suggested.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1239729

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA microanalytic simulation model of the interrelationships among Mexican bean beetle pest populations, populations of wasps that are parasites of the pest, chemical control inputs, and soybean yield is presented. Points from output response surfaces obtained through simulations of alternative biological and chemical pest control strategies are utilized in conjunction with cost data to construct benefit‐cost ratios for each intraseasonal control option studied. Comparison of ratios indicates that biological control of the pest is, by benefit‐cost criteria and from both private and social perspectives, a competitive alternative to chemical control.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1239730

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSymmetric quadratic programming and the linear complementarity problem are presented in the context of a novel interpretation of risk programming. The novelty admits stochastic supplies of limiting inputs, and yet it preserves the linearity of the structural constraints. This formulation is, therefore, a generalization of the traditional mean‐variance approach originated with Markowitz's portfolio analysis and extended by Freund to farm planning under uncertain revenues. The specification admits also nonzero covariances between revenues and costs of limiting inputs and allows the computation of risk coefficients associated with a companion chance‐constrained problem.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1239731

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere has been considerable interest in estimations of input effects on the probability distribution of output. Most empirical and theoretical analyses utilize multiplicative stochastic specifications which are analyzed and found unduly restrictive, particularly since inputs that marginally reduce risk are not allowed. A more general stochastic specification is proposed, free of these a priori restrictions. The proposed functional form estimation is discussed and demonstrated with nitrogen‐response data and common log‐linear production functions. Though nitrogen is risk‐increasing, the marginal variance contribution is smaller when compared to estimates based upon multiplicative specification. Finally, stochastic specification error effects are analyzed.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1239732

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent proposals to index government support prices based on the cost of production will have significant differential impacts on farms with different size and financial characteristics. Simulation analyses indicate that since such proposals result in both increased income and decreased risk and thus capitalization rates, land values could increase dramatically with the larger, high‐equity operator best able to pay the higher price for additional land. Furthermore, the guaranteed cash flow from such a program enables the higher equity firm to grow more rapidly in terms of net worth and land ownership as well as exhibit higher levels of family living compared to smaller, highly leveraged firms.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1239733

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper discusses the structural equations, forecasting properties, dynamic characteristics, and economic policy implications of a quarterly econometric model of U.S. livestock and feedgrain markets. Quarterly, semi‐annual, and annual endogenous variables are incorporated by allowing individual structural equations to be estimated and to enter into the solution of the model with different periodicities. Commodity prices are determined by market equilibrium conditions rather than by autoregressive and other time‐series techniques. Dynamic multipliers give the effect of changes in corn exports, beef imports, government grain stocks, corn yield, consumer income, and the support price for corn on producer and retail prices and acreage planted.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1239734

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY