摘要:

AbstractThe broad impact of the removal of all institutional barriers to the production and movement of fluid milk on the dairy industry of the Northeastern and North Central regions is examined. Competitive equilibrium patterns of milk production, utilization, prices, and shipments are obtained by estimating supply and demand functions for various areas of the nation and relating prices in the areas by transfer costs for fluid and manufactured milk. The effects of alternative estimates of some key variables are studied. All equilibrium solutions show a decline in Class I prices in the Northeast, a general increase in manufacturing milk prices, and some shift of production from the Northeast to the Lake States. These results are modified only a little by introducing a hypothetical fresh milk concentrate. Some implications for price policy are discussed.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236508

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn recent years, economists have become much interested in recursive models. This interest stems from a growing need for long‐term economic projections and for forecasting the probable effects of economic programs and policies. In a dynamic world, past and present conditions help shape future conditions. Perhaps the simplest recursive model is the two‐dimensional “cobweb diagram,” discussed by Ezekiel in 1938. The present paper attempts to generalize the simple cobweb model somewhat. It considers some effects of price supports. It discusses multidimensional cobwebs to describe simultaneous adjustments in prices and outputs of a number of commodities. And it allows for time trends in the variables.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236509

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhile total U.S. corn production increased until 1920, there is evidence of serious soil fertility depletion up to about 1940. The introduction of hybrid seed in the early 1930's partially obscured the fertility problem. But the economic significance of its solution by mechanization of the nitrogen cycle was clearly of far greater moment than the discovery of hybridization. The price support program for corn appears to have accelerated the rate of adoption of these and other irreversible changes in technique in the 1950's. In consequence, the real cost of producing corn has been decreased. This interpretation of the facts casts doubt on the reliability as well as the meaning of empirical estimates of changes in “factor productivity” in corn production.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236510

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study explores the historical dynamism of Japanese agriculture from the side of fertilizer demand. It is intended to extract lessons for today's emerging nations from Japan's experience of agricultural development. The causes of enormous increase in fertilizer input, which played a key role in raising agricultural productivity in Japan, are identified, and their contributions are measured on the basis of aggregative time‐series data for the period 1883–1937. Using an approach similar to Griliches', estimates are provided to support the hypothesis of Herdt and Mellor postulated on U.S.India comparative study.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236511

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article reviews some early rural planning experience in the United States. Aspects of the county planning program of 1938–42, relevant to current rural development efforts are discussed. It is suggested that some features of the county planning program which led to its failure have been carried over into current efforts. The use of the volunteer local committee device is a principal example. Both past and present planning activities have largely ignored the farm unit as a crucial rural development decision center. The experience with the test‐demonstration farm program in the Tennessee Valley is reviewed in this context.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236512

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper is a factual description of agricultural structural improvement policy as applied in West Germany. The three major items of long‐term investment by the state to create better income potential for farmers are consolidation of fragmented holdings, farm resettlement, and farm area enlargement. An underlying difficulty is scarcity of land, either for resettled farms or to enlarge existing ones. Putting into effect local minimum norms of size of farm business is a major problem for those engaged in the practical work of farm structural reorganisation. Apart from intervention by the authorities in favour of selected areas and farmer applicants, other means are used to influence structural change. Improvement of the man‐land ratio is central to the improvement of the income efficiency of German farming. As coercion is avoided as much as possible, future success of West German policy will largely depend on rate of migration out of full‐time farm employment.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236513

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article attempts to delineate the nature and extent of harmful effects reportedly suffered by Canada as a result of U.S. Public Law 480 wheat exports. Wheat trade data suggest that U.S. P. L. 480 wheat exports depressed total Canadian exports during the fiscal 1955–60 period. Sales to countries such as Communist China and the Soviet Union have improved Canada's overall wheat trade picture since 1960 on a quantity basis. Nevertheless, the fact that Canada accounted for a smaller percentage share of total world wheat exports during the fiscal 1961–63 period than during the fiscal 1955–60 period suggests that some P. L. 480 induced pressures continue to exist in a number of markets. This statement is supported by the evidence that Canadian wheat exports have been reduced, largely due to P. L. 480 activities, on a percentage basis in an 18 country group, and on a percentage and quantity basis in a 16 country group examined in this study.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236514

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper develops a measure that serves as an indicator of the pressure that farmers in an area face in adjusting farm size as the price of a commodity changes. The same numerical index can be related to efficiency of land retirement programs, impact on nonfarm firm sales with respect to agricultural product prices, and land price adjustments. Wheat production costs, yields, and prices by regions in the Great Plains and western states are used as a vehicle to illustrate the adjustment index in a simple one crop economy model. No attempt is made in this paper to include all feasible crop and/or livestock alternatives. Conceivably this type of model, with the use of an area composite acre cost, production and price concept, could be adapted for interarea measurement of relevant adjustment pressures in a multi‐crop‐livestock economy.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236515

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProbability theory analysis requires conditions and assumptions which must be rigidly observed if conclusions are to be meaningful. This paper, based on a study of farm sales in southeastern Virginia, investigates some problems associated with probability theory analysis applied to data that comprise all available observations in the study universe. In such cases, typical statistics do not have the same heuristic meanings they have in an experimental situation. The assumptions and limitations of the analysis should be explicitly defined to aid subsequent users of the results in deciding what inferences may be validly drawn from the study.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236516

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTheoretical constructs for estimating unit assembly costs for geographically scattered supplies indicate that for point pickup (involving a trip from a central location to each supply point) the relationship between average round trip distance (ARD) to supply points and radius of assembly area (r) is ARD = 1.7r. However, this relationship is not appropriate for route type assembly. Based on a cobweb type road network where each route covers a wedge‐shaped route area, average route mileage increases more slowly than ARD up to a radius of approximately 13 miles and then increases slightly more rapidly. Under certain conditions, route mileage and unit assembly costs can remain constant as radius of assembly area and total volume assembled increase.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236517

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY