ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.1093/ajae/48-4_Part_I.1058-a

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe contributions of the late Henry A. Wallace to agriculture, especially in the field of agricultural economics, are reviewed by one who worked with him during his years as Secretary of Agriculture. His early studies in agricultural prices, his pioneer use of statistical tools in price prediction, and his work on hybridizing corn are recalled. His work as Secretary included drafting competent agricultural economists for key posts in the Department, insisting on careful economic study as a prelude to decision making, establishing a Consumer's Council as a watchdog for consumer interests, and improving conditions for farmers through production control, soil conservation, government purchase and storage of surplus crops, rural resettlement, and rural electrification. As Vice‐President, he created the Board of Economic Warfare and directed its planning toward achieving the right kind of peace. As Secretary of Commerce, he supported the Full Employment Act. After his retirement from public life, he continued to work on increasing the productivity of poultry and farm plants. Throughout his life, his concern for the common man in the underdeveloped nations led him to support proposals which later were actualized in such organizations as the FAO and AID.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.1093/ajae/48-4_Part_I.789

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSelected data support the conclusion that on the average the United States has provided a proper balance of domestic farm production controls versus food exports to handle excess farm production capacity. The allocation has been much less than optimum at the margin, however, and strong tendencies exist to overdo food aid. A mechanism is proposed in this article that “adjusts” prices for institutional factors but harnesses the inherent equilibrating forces of the market. The method achieves an optimum balance between food and nonfood aid and between exports and production controls to handle excess U.S. farm production capacity. It is proposed that all our foreign aid be given as cash and that foreign aid recipients be permitted to purchase U.S. farm commodities at a discount. The discount as a percent of market value should be equal to the USDA cost of inducing farmers not to produce $1 of farm commodities.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236614

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study analyzes the role of the New York Farm Bureau in the state legislative processes during 1961–1965. The method is empirical and analytical, with extensive interviews and legislative and Bureau reports providing the major sources of data. It supports more general analyses of pressure group politics, such as those of V. O. Key and David Truman, by showing how the organizational unity and efficiency of the Bureau, combined with favorable political and institutional factors, give an organized farm group greater political influence than its numbers would seem to warrant. The conclusion is similar to that demonstrated by Hadwiger and Talbot in their recent study of national agricultural politics: that legislators and groups representing farming areas still determine, for the most part, the contents of governmental farm legislation. There is a need for increased study of state politics and the role of pressure groups, and especially for studies of New York. This analysis is one of several efforts made in recent years to meet this need, and it continues in a more microscopic way the pioneering work done by Belle Zeller in the 1930's on New York pressure group politics.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236615

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe price, trade, and welfare consequences of shifts to alternative EEC policies regarding winter oranges are presented. The EEC policy changes considered are (1) a shift from continuance of pre‐EEC tariffs on oranges to prospective EEC tariffs, (2) elimination of the EEC tariff on oranges, and (3) entry of winter oranges from selected non‐EEC countries into the EEC market with zero tariffs. Spatial equilibrium models are used to quantify the changes in prices, consumption, trade, and welfare which are expected to result from the alternative policies. Welfare effects are evaluated in terms of economic surplus. A shift to the prospective EEC tariff policy on winter oranges is expected to result in a sharp increase in orange prices in the EEC by 1970 (except in France). A net welfare gain to the EEC bloc will occur, with the gains for Italian producers and French consumers more than offsetting the losses suffered by consumers in the other EEC countries because of higher prices. If the EEC were to take unilateral action and remove the tariffs on winter oranges, it would be expected to suffer a substantial welfare loss. Permitting tariff‐free imports of winter oranges from selected producing countries would also be expected to cause a welfare loss to the EEC bloc. There appears to be little incentive for the EEC to reduce its tariff unilaterally or to permit special access to non‐EEC producers.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236616

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article presents and discusses a zero‐axial skew‐symmetric matrix (ZSM) that is useful for measuring changes in international trade. Such a matrix, E, has the property that the element eij, which represents exports from country i to country j, is equal to —eji, except that eii= 0. It provides a convenient and analytically useful way to present data on international trade among countries; both imports and exports appear in one matrix and separate matrices are not required. The ZSM can be used to measure changes in the level and composition of trade over a period of time. Transition matrices can be computed from long time‐series of international trade data. The coefficients of these transition matrices provide useful data for summarizing changes in trade patterns. Both trends and annual variations in exports (or imports) from (or by) countries or regions can be measured.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236617

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn interregional equilibrium model developed by Takayama and Judge is reformulated to represent international trading. Their model, a spatial, partial equilibrium formulation, allows for interaction among both countries and commodities under the assumptions of free trade and a perfectly competitive market. In the present article, this basic competitive model is extended to incorporate some common trade and domestic policies which alter the free trade assumption. The usefulness of such a model for trade policy analysis is demonstrated by means of hypothetical data. Spatial models of this type, in which commodities are interrelated in both demand and supply, are shown to have considerable potential for empirical research in the field of international trade.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236618

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe supply response of the marketed surplus of food grains in the agricultural sector of less‐developed countries has long been a subject of debate in discussions of the effects of such policies as P.L. 480 disposals, food price regulations, and export taxes. Estimates of this response have been very few because the lack of time‐series data for marketed quantities precludes direct estimation. This article presents a model for the indirect estimation of the price elasticity of the marketed surplus of a subsistence crop. The model is contrasted with an earlier model presented by Raj Krishna. The model is then applied to the case of Thai rice. In this application, some new nonlinear estimates of a Nerlovian model for the total supply response of Thai rice production are also presented and discussed.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236619

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article presents selected hypothetical formulations of the transhipment problem. Examples are presented of the use of restraints, in the form of equalities and inequalities, on demands and supplies, and for restricting the quantity of a commodity which can be shipped at a given rate. The above concepts are then incorporated into a more general spatial equilibrium model, and the formulation and solution of a two‐product, two‐region, five‐stage problem are presented. In this model all products compete for the limited storage space and processing facilities of each region, yet product identity is maintained throughout the system. The existence of multiple solutions for transportation problems is also considered, and alternate solutions to the above problem are presented. The flexibilities illustrated in formulating the hypothetical problems considered provide useful extensions to the conventional formulations of the transhipment problem.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236620

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is hypothesized that the frequently observed zero or negative supply elasticity for beef is not the result of poor data or faulty statistical analysis. Theoretical specification of supply functions for the separate components of beef slaughter—steers, cows, and heifers—leads to an expected positive sign for the supply elasticity of steer slaughter, and an expected negative sign for the supply elasticity of cow slaughter. For heifer slaughter the sign cannot be ascertained from a priori considerations. The empirical evidence from statistical analyses of time‐series data is consistent with and confirms the theoretical expectations. Total beef slaughter was disaggregated into three major components—steers, heifers, and cows. The estimated parameters in the regressions imply positive elasticity for steers and negative elasticity for cows. Only the heifer equation seems unsatisfactory. The parameter estimates fluctuate widely with slight changes in the estimating equation. Also the high autocorrelation of the errors implies inadequate specification of the heifer model.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236621

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY