摘要:

AbstractData obtained from Social Security Administration records are used to examine whether hired agricultural labor moving from one census region to another within the United States is responsive to economic phenomena. The unique feature of the analysis is its access to data describing gross flows of hired agricultural labor among these regions rather than having to rely on observations of net changes in the quantity of such labor. The general conclusion is that hired agricultural workers are responsive to economic phenomena in the directions suggested by formal economic theory but that interregional movement of such workers is greatly hampered by the presence of artificial barriers to mobility.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237536

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere has been considerable discussion in recent years concerning the income position of the agricultural sector of the economy. Investment analysts are generally pessimistic about investing in real estate—especially farm real estate. Since farm real estate and common stock are very similar, their rates of return take on added significance when these two assets are considered as investment alternatives. A model is presented by which comparable rates of return may be calculated. Income, price, and total rates of return are calculated for farm real estate and common stock for the 1950–1963 period. Rates of return on common stock are larger and show greater yearly fluctuation for this period.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237537

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA method of measuring pricing efficiency in objective, quantitative terms is presented. “Evaluation of pricing efficiency” has long been the terminology used in studies of pricing accuracy. The term “price signal refraction” as used here refers to the more specific, quantifiable, and testable concept dealt with in this article. The distortion of price signals passing through one or more levels of the market is analogous to the refraction of light rays. This study evaluated price refraction at one level of the pork market. Regression models were fitted to the individual carcass data from a sample of 300 carcasses. The data were subjected to objective statistical test. The findings indicated that price refraction attributable to weight was small and insignificant but refraction attributable to backfat was large and significant.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237538

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTotal United States imports of green coffees were divided into three principal components: milds, brazils, and robustas. The aim was to clarify the demand relationships among the major coffee varieties traded internationally and the factors influencing coffee prices by variety. A nine‐equation model of the U. S. coffee market was constructed, consisting of import‐demand, export‐supply, and stock‐demand functions describing the structural mechanisms underlying the market for each of the three coffee varieties. Estimates of structural parameters were obtained by different estimation methods, but only three‐stage least‐squares results are reported in this article. Parameter estimates suggest that milds (the premium coffee variety) are normal economic goods, whereas brazils and robustas are inferior goods with respect to the U. S. economy. Income flexibility estimates at the mean were 0.39, −0.89, and −1.82, respectively, for milds, brazils, and robustas. Estimated price flexibilities at the mean were, for the three coffee varieties in the same order, −0.18, −0.21, and −0.36. These figures suggest that demand for individual coffee varieties is reasonably price‐elastic.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237539

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA from‐to type of interindustry model is formulated and empirically implemented to quantify local economic impacts of a transfer nature arising from outdoor recreation. Direct, indirect, and induced sales, income, and employment impacts are derived and multiplier values are calculated. Relationships among the from‐to model, supplemental studies, and the analysis of regional benefits for governmental investment decisions are discussed.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237540

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn empirical study involving derivations of farmers' utility functions and the accuracy of these functions in predicting practical decisions is here reported. Three models of utility estimation which were used are compared as to their predictive accuracy and usefulness under field conditions. The study tests the hypothesis that maximizing expected utility, as a criterion of decision, is superior to maximizing expected monetary value. Utility functions are derived for two points in time in order to test the hypothesis that, if utility functions are to serve as a guide to the decision maker, they must be derived at each point in time at which decisions are made. Implications for decision‐making research and for practical farm decision making are indicated.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237541

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNew high‐yielding varieties of crops are now available in developing countries. Their potential for improving food and fiber supplies is limited by the availability of inputs such as fertilizer, irrigation, and pesticides. The effects of present, projected, and nonrestrictive supplies of fertilizer are estimated for Punjab State, India. Results indicate that large amounts are needed over and above current plan targets in order to maximize food output and farm incomes. Further, changes in price policy will be necessary to maintain production of crops where no improved‐yield‐potential varieties are available. Uniform allocations of scarce fertilizer supplies within a state will not maximize agricultural production and incomes.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237542

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article argues that the concept of “subsistence agriculture”—widely encountered and long used in the literature—is not meaningful enough to be analytically useful as usually employed and should be abandoned. Particularly important for policy is the fact that use of the term “subsistence agriculture” leads to implicitly treating all small‐scale agriculture as a homogeneous residual made up of producers who vary little in their potential contribution to economic development. Data are presented which strongly suggest that small‐scale agriculture in less‐developed countries is not homogeneous so far as decision‐making situations are concerned. The second half of the article considers development of an alternative set of criteria for classifying small‐scale farmers that would reflect meaningful differences in decision‐making experience and decision‐making situations. A tentative set of such criteria for which data are now available, or could be developed with relative ease, are presented to illustrate the relevance of such a classification for development planning and policy.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237543

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA dynamic model for the white dry edible bean sector based upon empirical demand and supply relationships is used (1) to evaluate the impact of governmental support programs, (2) to study the impact which changes in the exogenous variables have on the system, and (3) to estimate the effects which support prices established above free market prices have on production. Unique aspects of this study are (1) the treatment of a group of commodities rather than a single commodity, (2) the explicit consideration given to production and demand interrelationships, and (3) the effects of government programs on both controlled and noncontrolled commodities.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237544

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237545

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY