摘要:

Undergraduate projects are now generally regarded as forming an essential part of degree education for engineers. The authors have made a wide study of the objectives, strategies of conduct and particularly methods of assessing final-year undergraduate projects mainly, but not entirely, in electronic and electrical engineering. Information has been obtained from most British university and polytechnic electronic and electrical engineering departments, and a wide variety of departments in other disciplines. Views have also been sought from the Open University, the Council for National Academic Awards and the Institution of Electrical Engineers. The findings are reported here and a critical evaluation of project work and assessment methods is made.

DOI:10.1049/ip-a-1.1983.0073

出版商:IEE    

年代:1983

数据来源: IET

摘要:

Historically, the lighting of roads and streets was introduced to combat the crime rate. Although this is still a major consideration in justifying the installations of road lighting, the chief criterion now is the reduction of the night-time accident rate. Visual performance is considerably poorer at night than by day, particularly with respect to contrast sensitivity. Road lighting is, therefore, designed to maximise the contrast of objects on and near the road by producing as high a luminance of the road surface and surroundings as possible. Objects then generally appear as silhouettes against a bright background. The performance of a road-lighting installation depends on the lantern light distribution, the light source, the road-surface reflection characteristics and the installation geometry. It is possible to calculate the performance of the lighting in terms of road-surface luminance and uniformity and of glare. Direct measures of visibility have also been proposed.Design methods and standards/codes of practice to ensure a reasonable quality of road lighting vary considerably from one country to another. The British Standard is in course of revision, and some radical changes in design method may be adopted. A certain variation in performance of the resulting installations, however, is inevitable, principally because of the differences that exist in the reflection characteristics of road surfaces.Economic considerations mean that only two light sources are serious contenders for modern traffic-route lighting in the UK: low- and high-pressure sodium. Capital cost, luminous efficacy and life are key factors in costing road lighting.Finally, one form of road lighting that poses quite different problems is that for tunnels. The determination of adequate lighting by day has prompted a considerable amount of research.

DOI:10.1049/ip-a-1.1983.0074

出版商:IEE    

年代:1983

数据来源: IET

摘要:

Interest in the lighting of cathedrals and churches has been growing since about 1950 owing to the increasing need to renew installations which have become unsafe and/or unsuitable for modern-day usage. Problems are often encountered owing to the age and style of the building to be illuminated and these are discussed in the paper. A description of the architecture of churches and cathedrals is included, along with the appropriate lighting conditions necessary to emphasise certain architechural points. The paper covers the illumination of churches and cathedrals of medieval times to those of the 20th century by discussion of the correct materials to use, the type of light fitment required (and how to obtain the optimum illuminance from it) and the economical aspects of design and maintenance.

DOI:10.1049/ip-a-1.1983.0075

出版商:IEE    

年代:1983

数据来源: IET

摘要:

A comprehensive, critical review of applications of microwaves in industry, science, medicine and consumer services is given. A concise description of basic physical principles utilised in industrial, scientific, medical and domestic (ISM & D) applications of microwaves precedes an outline of characteristics of building blocks of circuitry employed. Numerous high-power and low-power applications are described. Potential health hazards, standards and safety considerations for these applications are also assessed.

DOI:10.1049/ip-a-1.1983.0076

出版商:IEE    

年代:1983

数据来源: IET