ISSN:1057-3593    

DOI:10.1002/edp.2430030202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe study comprised two groups of 33 parents each, one whose infants were identified by parents as colicky during their first 3 months and one with non‐colicky infants. Parents filled out a questionnaire with one set of questions about parental experiences when infants were 3 months old and a set of parallel questions concerning current experiences (infant age 8‐11 months). The results showed that the 3‐month situation was more negatively described with regard to both infant behaviour and parental experiences by the parents of colicky infants. For the current situation (8‐11 months), there were no significant group differences, meaning that no long‐lasting effects could be demonstrated. However, in the colic group amount of crying and difficulty in comforting during the colic period were significantly related to current parental satisfaction, which suggests that these aspects of infant behaviour and experienced parental competence are of importance also in a longer pe

ISSN:1057-3593    

DOI:10.1002/edp.2430030203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractResponses of 4‐month‐old infants to hidden people and objects were investigated with equated task demands. Twenty‐one 4‐month‐old infants were administered a combined task, in which they were shown a sounding stimulus that continued to sound after hiding, an auditory task, in which sound was the only source of information about the position of the object in space, and a vision task, in which a silent stimulus was shown to the infants prior to hiding. Five infant behaviours were coded: reaching, gazing, body movements, vocalizations and smiles. The infants reached significantly more for hidden objects than for people, to whom they vocalized instead. They further smiled, and moved their bodies more towards their invisible mother than to the other stimuli. Thus infants responded differentially to people and objects whether the stimuli were soundless (so that there was no cue to their presence) or not. This suggested that infants appreciated (a) that an object had been hidden; (b) this object was either animate or inanimate; and (c) different procedures were appropriate for the retrieval of, or for interacting with animate and inanimate objects. Discussion centres on the underlying representational system that allows for such app

ISSN:1057-3593    

DOI:10.1002/edp.2430030204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhat kind of hand and finger movements are newborn infants preoccupied with, and how are these movements organized and controlled? These questions were studied in two experiments under three conditions: a social condition, in which the mother (in expt 1) or the experimenter (in expt 2) sat face to face with the infant; an object condition, in which a ball moving slowly and irregularly was presented to the infant; and a baseline condition (in expt 1) without ball or mother present. The size of the ball and the distance to it was chosen so that it approximately corresponded to the visual angle of the head of the model. Twenty‐six neonates participated in the study ranging from 2 to 6 days of age at the time of observation. All infants were in an alert, optimal awake state during the experiments. The infants' finger movements were scored from video recordings. The result revealed a large variety of relatively independent finger movements. It was found that finger movements differed both in quantity and quality between the three conditions. There were many more finger movements in the social condition than in the object and baseline conditions. In addition, there were relatively more transitional finger movements and flexions of the hand in the social condition, and relatively more thumb‐index finger activity and extensions of the hand in the object condition. Finally, the arms were more often forward extended in the object condition than in the social condition. The results support the notion that neonates show different modes of functioning towards people and obje

ISSN:1057-3593    

DOI:10.1002/edp.2430030205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether the familiarity or the novelty of play objects available during mother‐infant interaction has an effect on the mother's ability to capture and maintain the infant's attention. Twelve mother‐infant dyads with 5‐ and 9‐month‐old infants were filmed during two 5‐minute sessions with familiar or unfamiliar toys. Changes in the infant's visual orientation preceded by a maternal behaviour within a 3‐sec interval were studied. In the familiar toy situation, the infants focused more frequently on the maternal referent than with the unfamiliar toys. The mother's verbal and non‐verbal interventions were more effective at initiating and maintaining co‐reference, because the infant was more frequently in an receptive state. Conversely, when the toys were unfamiliar, the baby was often the initiator. Unfamiliar objects, which appear more attractive, may compete with the mother's attempts to gain the

ISSN:1057-3593    

DOI:10.1002/edp.2430030206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTeacher ratings of social competence and academic achievement were obtained from a sample of 127 Bermudian children at ages 5, 6, 7 and 8 years. The children were studied first during their pre‐school years, when they had been exposed to various amounts and qualities of day care. Quality of care was found to be important to the children's intellectual and social development while they were in the day care settings but not after 1–4 years of primary schooling. In hierarchical and simultaneous regressions, family background characteristics, not child care amounts or qualities, were found to be predictive of social competence and academic achievement in the primary grades. By school age, the effects of infant and preschool child care experiences were no longer influential in children's development, but family background continued to be important. These findings and their implications for child care are discus

ISSN:1057-3593    

DOI:10.1002/edp.2430030207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDifferences in maternal employment during children's first year of life and children's entry into non‐maternal care before the age of 1 year failed to predict differences in cognitive and socioemotional development at 2 and 4 years of age, after family background variables were controlled. Two samples were studied: a population sample of 1100 Bermudian children and a smaller subsample of children most of whom were determined to be at risk for developmental problems. To assess the effects of maternal employment, we compared infants with mothers who worked 20 or more hours a week to infants with mothers who worked less than 20 hours a week. To assess the effects of entry into non‐maternal care before the age of one, we compared infants who were placed in regular non‐maternal care before the age of one versus infants who did not experience regular non‐maternal care before the age of one. The results revealed that family background variables frequently predicted many child outcome measures in both the total sample and the smaller research sample. After controlling for family characteristics, no differences were found between children whose mothers worked 20 or more hours a week when they were infants and children with mothers who worked less than 20 hours a week in either sample. In addition, age of entry into non. maternal care before the age of one did not significantly predict any child outcome m

ISSN:1057-3593    

DOI:10.1002/edp.2430030208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this article is threefold. First, it presents teasing behaviours towards the infant through the notion of ‘expectancy violation’, and defines what parental teasing may consist of. Secondly, the paper summarizes empirical data which show that teasing concerns more paternal than maternal behaviours. Thirdly, we speculate about a positive impact of this kind of typical paternal behaviour on cognitive and social development, as it introduces novelty and ambiguity, which must be processed, as well as negotiation of a strug

ISSN:1057-3593    

DOI:10.1002/edp.2430030209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1057-3593    

DOI:10.1002/edp.2430030210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1057-3593    

DOI:10.1002/edp.2430030211

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY