摘要:

Moxalactam, a new beta-lactam antibiotic was evaluated in the treatment of 21 pediatric patients including 16 with clinical and radiological evidence of pneumonia and 5 with urinary tract infection (UTI). Clinical and radiological resolution of pneumonia occurred in all. Bacteriological efficacy in pneumonia, however, was assessed in only 1 patient whose blood culture grew H. influenzae type b. In patients with UTI, the therapy was successful, bacteriologically as well as clinically. The only side effects observed were mild transient elevation of SGOT and alkaline phosphatase in 6 cases. The peak and trough levels of the drug were manyfold higher than the known minimum inhibitory concentrations of common pathogens. The mean t½ projected of 95 and 124 min with intravenous and intramuscular route, respectively, were similar to those reported in adults

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238132

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The effect of vegetation size upon the concentration of antibiotic within various points of a fibrin-clot heart valve vegetation such as ones found in bacterial endocarditis was examined. A mathematical model based upon Fick’s second law of diffusion was developed and solved on a PDP-11 computer. The antibiotic was assumed to have a half-life of 30 min and intermittently injected intravenously every 4 h. After 5 simulated antibiotic doses, peak and trough levels of the antibiotic near the center of the vegetations of sizes 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 cm were, respectively, 37 and 3%, 22 and 15%, and 18 and 18% of the free serum antibiotic concentration. This model can be used to estimate antibiotic levels in different areas of a valvular vegetatio

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238133

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Tetracycline pharmacokinetics were studied in a group of normal subjects and in patients with nutritional oedema. Though both groups of subjects received similar dose per kilogram body weight, plasma concentrations and area under the curve (AUC) were significantly higher in nutritional oedema patients. The total body clearance of the drug was reduced due to significant reductions in renal and non-renal clearance of drug. The volume of distribution (VB) was low, with significant increase in rate of transfer of drug from peripheral to central compartment (K21), indicating poor tissue sequestration of the drug in nutritional-oedema patients. In some respects, these alterations in kinetics of tetracycline in nutritional-oedema patients are different from our earlier observations made in undernourished subjects who had mild and moderate forms of malnutrition. These results suggest that changes in disposition of drugs are also influenced by the severity of malnutrition, and demand suitable alterations in dosage regimen.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238134

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Minimal bactericidal concentrations of the aminoglycoside antibiotics amikacin, gentamicin, and netilmicin killed intraphagolysosomal test bacteria of selected assay strains of Serratia marcescens, though not as efficiently as rifampin. The system employed consisted of 55 vol % of fresh defibrinated human blood treated with 2 mg/ml of phenylbutazone which permitted ingestion of bacteria, but selectively inhibited microbicidal activity of the peripheral blood leukocytes. Extraphagocytic bacteria were killed with the aid of group A (phage tail) bacteriocins of S. marcescens. Inhibitory and subinhibitory concentrations of amikacin, gentamicin, and netilmicin combined with 55 vol % of defibrinated blood, respectively, yielded additive effects against all test strains of S. marcescens utilized and against Escherichia coli control strain ATCC 25922.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238135

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The pharmacokinetics and antibacterial efficacy of mezlocillin, cefotaxime, cefoperazone and the mezlocillin/cefalosporin combinations, respectively, were studied by adopting the granuloma pouch model in rats. Exudate concentrations of mezlocillin were higher after combined i. v. injection with a cefalosporin as determined microbiologically and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cefoperazone levels, however, were not affected. Not metabolized cefotaxime concentrations as determined by HPLC were also not increased following simultaneous injection with mezlocillin. Cefotaxime metabolite concentrations, however, were generally higher than unchanged cefotaxime and increased upon repeated administration of cefotaxime alone and to a greater extent when combined with mezlocillin. Antibacterial efficacy of mono- or combined chemotherapy was correlated to β-lactamase inducibility of the test strains insofar as drugs acting as good or moderate enzyme inducers were ineffective in vivo. The combined therapy of mezlocillin with cefotaxime was effective in this case. This result was also correlated to the bioavailability of the β-lactams in infected pouches. Due to the degree of β-lactamase inducibility and production, drug levels were either decreased or not detectab

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238136

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The comparative bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of cephalothin were assessed in broth medium with special reference to the period of exposure of microbes to the drug. The bacteriostatic concentration with a brief period of exposure (6 h) was lower than the conventional MIC for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. When the period of exposure was prolonged (18–42 h), the bacteriostatic concentration almost corresponded with the MIC. In contrast to these gram-negatives, the bacteriostatic concentration with a brief period of exposure roughly corresponded with the MIC for strains of Staphylococcus aureus and was higher for enterococcus. When a comparison of the bacteriostatic and the bactericidal concentrations was used as the criterion for assessment, the mode of action of cephalothin appeared to be bactericidal to most of the gram-negatives. This drug was bacteriostatic to a number of strains of gram-positives, in particular to enterococcus, especially when microbes were exposed to the drag over a brief period of tim

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238137

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Combination pairs of the major systematic antimycotic drugs, amphotericin B (AmphB), 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and ketoconazole (Ktz) were administered to mice with experimental candidiasis, cryptococcosis and aspergillosis at a variety of combination ratios. The 3 mycoses were produced with 3 strains each of Candida albicans, Cryptococcusneoformans, and Aspergillus jumigatus, respectively, which were preselected to represent 3 different degrees of 5-FC sensitivity (‘normally sensitive’, ‘moderately resistant’, and ‘definitely resistant’). The life-prolonging effect of the combinations was compared with the effect of each partner administered alone at the same and at the double dosage. Using the U test of Mann and Whitney and setting limits which on the whole were more rigorous than those of the isobole methods commonly applied to the study of drug interactions, the effects of the concentrations were classified as ‘synergistic’, ‘additive’, ‘indifferent’ or ‘antagonistic’. The combination AmphB plus 5-FC was definitely synergistic or definitely additive in all 3 candidiasis models, the most pronounced synergism occurring in the infection with the ‘definitely 5-FC-resistant’ C. albicans strain; in cryptococcosis produced by any of the 3 C. neoformans strains the effect was definitely additive, but only slightly additive or indifferent in the 3 aspergillosis models. The combination AmphBplus Ktz was slightly synergistic in candidiasis produced by one C. albicans strain, but definitely antagonistic in this mycosis produced by the remaining 2 strains of the same species; the combination was definitely additive or, even, slightly synergistic in the 3 cryptococcus models, but, again, antagonistic in aspergillosis produced by all 3 strains of A. fumigatus. 5-FC plus Ktz was additive or indifferent in the 3 candidiasis models, but throughout indifferent in c

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238138

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Using semi-solid clonal assay systems, the cytocidal effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on hematopoietic progenitors (CFU-gm, BFU-e, CFU-e) were compared with their effects on K-562 human leukemia cells. The chemotherapeutic drugs used for these experiments were daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, vincristine, methotrexate, bis-chlorethyl-nitrosourea and chlorozotocin. After the cells were exposed for either 1 or 24 h to several concentrations of each drug, clear differences in suppressive effects were seen. The experimental applications of this technology and the clinical implication of these results are discussed.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238139

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A randomised prospective clinico-laboratory evaluation of the efficacy of ornidazole versus clindamycin in anaerobic infections was performed in 140 patients; 67 were given ornidazole and 73 received clindamycin. Patients were mainly suffering from peritonitis, pelvic cellulitis, endometritis, soft tissue infections and abdominal abscesses, which were distributed rather equally in both groups. Ornidazole was administered at a dose of 500 mg every 12 h i.v. or/and orally, and clindamycin 600 mg every 8 h i.v. for 7–60 days. In pus cultures, Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis were the main isolates. The coexistence of aerobes necessitated the addition of an aminoglycoside in 111 patients, while six times chloramphenicol had proved ineffective against anaerobes. Between the two groups no statistically significant difference was found in the excellent response rate, although the overall cure rate was superior in the ornidazole group (80.6 vs. 68.5%), with a prompt response within less than 48 h in the case of ornidazole. Side effects necessitating discontinuation of chemotherapy included severe nausea in 1 patient treated with ornidazole and diarrhea in 8 patients given clindamyci

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238140

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000238141

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1982

数据来源: Karger