摘要:

Tobramycin serum levels as well as muscle and fat tissue content have been determined for 8 h in hourly intervals using an agar diffusion method following a single intramuscular injection of 2.5 mg/kg body weight to 29 children. In addition two specimens of spleen and one testis could be assayed for tobramycin content in these children. Tissue fluid was obtained by use of a Colworth Stomacher Nr. 80. At 1½ hours mean peak concentrations in serum were found to be 4.32 μg/ml, in muscle 0.93 μg/g and in fat 1.16 μg/g, from thereon declining to lower values. At 8 h tissue content fell below the smallest detectable amount of 0.01 μg/g tobramycin. At any time tobramycin content in fat (on average 24% of the corresponding serum level) was significantly higher than in muscle (17% of the serum level), whereas tobramycin content in spleen never exceeded that in muscle as well as in fat. Thus blood supply of the tissue does not seem to the main factor determining tobramycin content in various tissues.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000221998

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1977

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

On eight volunteers with reduced kidney function, 1 g of carbenicillin indanyl sodium was administered orally for the single dose studies and was given orally in a dose of 1 g every 6 h for 7 days for the multiple dose studies. The patients were divided into two groups according to their kidney functions: group I moderately impaired and group II severely impaired. In the single dose studies, the mean peak level was 12.6 μg/ml for group I and 26.9 μg/ml for group II. In the multiple dose studies, the drug tended to accumulate in group II, but the level obtained in group II did not exceed more than 300μg/ml. In the single dose studies, the mean peak level in the urine was 1,478.5 μg/ml for group I and 350.0 μg/ml for group II. In the multiple dose studies, despite the multiple dose regimen, the level obtained from group II patients only transiently exceeded more than that which will effectively inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Enterobacter. In the single dose studies, the mean cumulative amount excreted in the urine within 24 h was 314.2 mg for group I and 120.1 mg for group II and the difference between both groups was significant (p < 0.05). For the multiple dose studies, the amount was 278.0 mg for group I and 127.2 mg for group II, respectively. The total amount excreted in the urine within 24 h and the serum level obtained 6 h after ingestion of 1 g of carbenicillin indanyl sodium was correlated to the creatinine clearance and the rate of PSP excreted in the urine within the first 15 min of the test.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000221999

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1977

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A strain of Proteus mirabilis repeatedly subcultured in the presence of a combination of sulfisoxazole and 0.4 μg/ml of trimethoprim and a strain of P. vulgaris subcultured in the presence of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim combined in a 5:1 ratio gradually developed resistance to the combinations. However, the level of resistance developed by the organisms exposed to the combination was always appreciably lower than the level of resistance developed by the same strains exposed to either the sulfonamide or trimethoprim alone.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000222000

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1977

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Using the biophotometer with ticarcillin no persistent bactericidal effect was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 10490. After addition of 1.2 μg/ml gentamicin an increase of multiplication of bacteria was observed, but not after 1.2μg/ml tobramycin. With 6.2μg/ml ticarcillin and 1.2μg/ml tobramycin bactericidal effects lasted more than 24 h. In tube dilution test with Isotonic Sensi-test Broth out of 109 examined strains 51% were resistant to gentamicin, 16% to tobramycin and 4.5% to ticarcillin. If MIC values of gentamicin and tobramycin were calculated for magnesium-free media the resistance rate would be 10% for gentamicin and 3% for tobramycin. Combining subinhibitory doses of gentamicin or tobramycin with ticarcillin, most of the strains resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin became susceptible. The rate of inactivation of tobramycin by ticarcillin depends on the fluid into which they are placed. In combination therapy both antibiotics should be applied separately and immediately one after the other.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000222001

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1977

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The efficacy of cyclacillin as an antimicrobial agent against Escherichia coli was assessed in vivo in mice infected with low numbers of bacteria and compared to the realtive effectiveness of the antibiotic against the same organisms in vitro. Treatment of mice with cyclacillin resulted in a rapid clearance of E. coli from the blood and their greater killing in the spleen and liver. Furthermore, a significantly higher antibody plaque response against E. coli developed in cyclacillin-treated mice than in untreated mice or in those given ampicillin. The increased immunogenicity of the E. coli in the antibiotic-treated mice appeared to be due to high levels of cyclacillin in the animals and rapid killing of the bacteria in vivo. In vitro experiments showed that injection of normal mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages which had been incubated with E. coli together with cyclacillin resulted in a greater immunogenicity of the bacteria than when the injection mixture was composed of E. coli which had been incubated alone or only with macrophages. These results suggest that the in vivo effectiveness of an antibiotic such as cyclacillin against a gram-negative organism such as E. coli may be due in part to an effect on the immunogenicity of the bacteria.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000222002

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1977

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In a clinical double-blind study on 198 patients with a urinary tract infection, no differences were found between comparable groups treated with either sulfadiazine (SD) 1,000 mg/trimethoprim (TM) 320 mg or sulfamethoxazole (SM) 1,600 mg/trimethoprim 320 g daily for 2 weeks. The favorable results were obtained according to the bacteriological control in 85 and 79%, respectively. Also the incidence of side effects was the same (22 and 24%, resp.). The number of cases within which the treatment had to be discontinued did not differ percentually, either (6.6 and 8.4%, resp.). Based on the bacteriological sensitivity tests and the clinical trial, the authors conclude that TM can be combined with SD as well as with SM. Pharmacokinetic advantages, like a lower protein-binding and a lesser metabolism, may even make SD more preferable.

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000222003

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1977

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

During the cholera epidemic in 1973, nine contact carriers of Vibrio cholerae El Tor serotype Ogawa were identified in a family from Naples as well as six others coming from different parts of the city or its surroundings. All the subjects were admitted to the quarantine ward of the ‘Cotugno Hospital’ (Naples) in which they remained continuously for 14 or 16 days. During this time these bacteriologically confirmed carriers were treated orally with a long-acting sulphonamide (sulphamethoxypyrazine, Kelfizine). Coprocultural examinations carried out on each patient on average 7 times after the treatment over a period of 6 months, proved the absence of V. cholerae. Serological tests also showed high levels of agglutinating and vibriocidal anticholera Ogawa antibodies in two unvaccinated carri

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000222004

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1977

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

This is the first publication of the initial 5-year-period of the eradication programme since its introduction in the Maltese Islands in the second half of 1972. All patients were treated with a combined drug regimen, its chief components being rifampicin (RMP), prothionamide (PTH), isoniazid (INH) and diaminodiphenyl-sulfone (DDS). To simplify the therapeutic technique, PTH, INH and DDS were given as a fixed combination. Other medications, such as DDS-free regimens, were whenever possible also given as fixed combinations. Fixed combinations not only make treatment simpler, but also guarantee a more reliable acceptance of the medication and the adherence to the dosage proportions which play an important role with regard to the effectiveness. For an eradication programme the classification into the different leprosy types plays not a too important role. It was rather our goal to cure each single patient so as to eliminate him as a possible source of infection. Whether or not this goal has been reached was as far as possible related to the results of the bacteriological assessment. Of the originally recorded 210 patients 206 were included in the first part of the programme (groups I–III). By the end of 5 years, a total of 20 patients had left the programme (death or emigration) so that 186 patients remained registered per June, 1977. In 180 cases treatment has been discontinued; 6 patients are still under therapy. The relapse-free observation periods are more than 2 years in 160 patients, more than 3 years in 120 patients, and more than 4 years in 12 patients. 31 patients joined the programme when it was already under way, namely 11 patients in 1973, 9 patients in 1974, 6 patients in 1975, and 5 patients in 1976. These newly registered cases were grouped separately (group IV). 27 patients were found to be bacteriologically positive; 10 of them are meanwhile negative, 11 are still being treated. Under observation without therapy are 19. One patient died of nonspecific disease in 1976. In continuation of the programme we are aiming at (a) conclusive treatment of the rest of the patients who are still under therapy, (b) conclusive treatment of the patients according to group IV, (c) regular observation of all cases for the absence of relapses, and (d) search for new cases and inclusion of such eventually newly identified cases in the programme. Further scientific evaluation of the material, chiefly in the bacteriological, clinical, pathological and genetic field, will require lengthy investigations which we are working at. A larger quantity of well-examined and well-classified material has accumulated since the start of the programme. The material is at the disposal also of all colleagues outside Borstel Institute. Up to the present, we have collected approximately 30,000 histological slides, representing all stages of leprosy, i.e. from the period before, during and after treatment (about 5000 biopsies). The article explains the prerequisites for an eradication programme which in principle can serve as a model for similar projects, but which cannot be carried out everywhere in exactly the same way. The course the programme has taken justifies the hope that eradication programmes are basically feasible. Even if in the future one case or another will be discovered, it can be assumed that, provided the programme can continue without interruptions with its termination, the problem of leprosy will also be solved for the State of Malt

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000222005

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1977

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000222006

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1977

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0009-3157    

DOI:10.1159/000222007

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1977

数据来源: Karger