ISSN:0007-0890    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1972.tb01199.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe biochemical, physiological and psychological features of metabolic and endocrine disorders prevalent in alcoholics, in conjunction with reactions to carbohydrate, amino acid and nicotinic acid tolerance tests, suggest a means of distinguishing the alcoholism from heavy drinking.Case and family histories, considered in relation to genetic factors, dermatoglyphics and diet preferences, provide additional data which are of value in diagnosis, assessment of predisposition to addiction, and choice of treatment.

ISSN:0007-0890    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1972.tb01200.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-0890    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1972.tb01201.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe following paper gives an account of the setting up of a research design which would investigate the effects of Metronidazole on a relatively large number of patients.

ISSN:0007-0890    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1972.tb01202.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary100 alcoholics were classified according to their drinking patterns, sex, social class, and preferred alcoholic beverage. The continuous form of drinking (delta alcoholism) predominated in male patients, and the bout variety (gamma alcoholism) in females; as male subjects were more numerous the continuous pattern was the most frequent in the series.The types of alcohol beverage consumed did not affect the relative incidence of drinking patterns, but in males continuous drinking was significantly more common in subjects from social classes I and II (professional and managerial occupations), while patients from these social strata were also more liable to drink spirits.It is suggested that the ambiguous phrase “loss of control” has prevented full recognition of the common occurrence of the continuous form of drinking among United Kingdom alcoholics. The high relative frequency of this pattern, in which marked intoxication is generally avoided, helps to explain some of the difficulties of case finding in alcoholism, as well as the ability of certain alcoholics to drive after heavy drinking without an invariable gross impairment of performance.Thirty per cent of the patients (63 per cent of females) usually drank wine preparations that, whether fortified or not, were commonly inexpens

ISSN:0007-0890    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1972.tb01203.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA relationship exists between anxiety and alcoholism; and as alcohol is an anxiolytic substance, any increase in prevailing alcoholism in a racial or national group is an index of anxiety in such a group.The increase in prevailing alcoholism based on total consumption has been noted on two occasions in respect of an influx controlled African population group, living in an African township in the South Western area of Johannesburg.On the first occasion, in 1969,5in this racial group there was an increase of total Bantu beer (3 per cent concentration] consumption from 15 million gallons per annum to nearly 30 million gallons per annum. Over a period of seven years the total consumption had doubled. On a second occasion recently we noticed a most significant drop in total Bantu beer consumption with a significant rise in total European type liquor consumption (40 per cent concentration),12in this same population controlled African group.In 19695with the rise in the total Bantu beer consumption, we indicated that anxiety was present and its level was high, a situation confirmed by social workers and ministers of religion in close contact with, these people; presently on the second occasion, we have sufficient evidence (Table 2) to indicate that there has been compute change in the drinking pattern in this same African race group. The fact that this group has changed over from relatively mild traditional alcoholic beverage,1 to the use of high alcohol content loquor, with a rising total consumption, is indicative of the fact that anxiety is present and is maximal.

ISSN:0007-0890    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1972.tb01204.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe aim was to investigate the emotional state of the alcoholic after one limited drinking session as compared to the sober state. Forty volunteer male alcoholics were psychologically assessed, both sober and after taking three or four two‐ounce drinks of brandy at ten‐minute intervals.Tests: 1, Willoughby Personality Schedule. 2; Thematic Apperception Test (5 cards). 3, Rorschach. The Klopfer system of scoring and interpretation of the Rorschach results was used. In addition the Wichmann method was also used which gives a global assessment of Rorschach protocols. In the quantification of the T.A.T. results the system of Dana was used.Results: 1, The Willoughby. Seven questions showed significant decreases, indicating decreased neuroticism in certain aspects of social interaction, 2, The Rorschach, The following significant changes were recorded under the influence of alcohol: (a) An increase in inanimate movement responses, indicating increased tension and conflict. (b) A decrease in the quality of introspection, indicating an increase in unsuccessful introspective effort, (c) A decrease in the quality of inner adjustment. (d) A decreased number of subjects classified as having intermediate total adjustment. 3, The T.A.T. The combined, standardised score showed a highly significant change towards more psychopathology after consumption of alcohol.Discussion of Results:The first three Rorschach results are clearly related. An increase in tension and conflict would contribute to decreasing the quality of inner adjustment. The decreased number of subjects with intermediate total adjustment is a neutral change without any meaning in itself. The increased psychopathology indicated by the T.A.T. agrees with the increased tension and conflict indicated by the Rorschach.The Willoughby results may appear in conflict with the above, but it must be remembered that the tension reduction reflected by it was limited to certain aspects of social interaction only.Conclusion:After one limited drinking session the alcoholic experiences an increase in inner tension and anxiety. Compensatory mechanisms are then set in motion by the personality to counteract these emotions. These mechanisms may result in an immediate, perhaps superficial experience of tension reduction despite underlying anxiety.Discussion of Conclusion:The increase in tension recorded after the alcoholic took alcohol is in keeping with some of the latest findings, but contrary to the traditional viewpoint. The temporary, superficial experience of tension reduction, which is a new finding, might partly explain previous discrepancies. Possible reasons why the alcoholic nevertheless proceeds with his drinking were discussed. Closer inspection of the results show that many individual subjects did not necessarily follow group trends, but reacted in their own unique way to alco

ISSN:0007-0890    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1972.tb01205.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAn account is given of the creation and management of an in‐patient therapeutic programme for male alcoholics at Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert, Stirlingshire, commencing with a selected group within a psychoneurotic unit which it was found necessary to convert into an unstaffed alcoholic unit with open admission procedure.Statistics over a two‐year period are provided and discussed. In the discussion which followed an attempt was made to answer a serifs of questions posed by the experience involved.For their advice and support in the preparation of this Paper, I would like to thank Dr. A. P. Russell., Physician Superintendent, Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert; Dr. D. A. Pemberton, Consultant Psychiatrist, Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert; Dr. A. B, Sclare, Consultant Psychiatrist, Eastern District Hospital, Glasgow; Professor Ferguson Rodger, Chair of Psychiatry. Glasgow University; and Dr. R. J. Simpson, Registrar in Psychiatry, Bellsdyke Hospital, Larb

ISSN:0007-0890    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1972.tb01206.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe main thane of this lecture is the study of drug‐dependence through its interactions with other pharmacologically or physiologically active substances, particularly those known to interact with endogenous humoral mechanisms. A study of the interactions of atropine para‐chlorophenylalanine, and indomethacin with an acute morphine dependence in the rat has shown that the intensity or direction or action of the modifying drug may be determined by (I) the particular withdrawal effect studied and (2) whether the drug is given before dependence induction or before withdrawal. From this we infer that morphine dependence is multipartite as regards mediators involved, and that the involvement of acetylcholine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and prostaglandin(s) in certain parts of dependence is intimate. Other drugs interacting with dependence include those that block catecholamine synthesis and those inhibiting protein synthesis.At the whole animal level, the most important property of a drug of dependence is its ability to reinforce positively and sometimes also negatively its self injection. In other words, drugs of dependence alter in favour of reward the balance of the reward‐punishment relationship in the brain and their withdrawal reverses this. With drugs having physical withdrawal effects, psychic dependence may simply be one part of a multipartite structure.From the evidence discussed, two general implications for dependence mechanisms emerge. First, catecholomines are probably involved in drug‐induced reward, because (a) amphetamine euphoria is inhibited by α‐methyltyrosine, (b) self‐stimulation in rats is inhibited by drugs blocking catecholamine synthesis, and (c) some of the most rewarding drugs of dependence (opioids, cocaine and amphetamine) interact with catecholamines. We do not know which of dopamine and noradrenaline might be the main catecholamine concerned, but present experimental evidence favours noradrenaline. Second, mechanisms proposed to account for physical dependence may also apply to psychic dependence.These considerations enable us to re‐examine, by means of particular cases, the general hypothesis that tolerance and for dependence might arise through a drug‐induced, Actaptive change in the number (or efficiency) of receptors. In one case, where the receptor involved interacts with drug to produce a response, receptor multiplication might be expected to produce sensitization, rather than tolerance, to that response, without dependence. If the receptor interacts with drug to produce no effect (e.g. sequestration of drug molecule), then receptor multiplication would lead1 to tolerance, but not dependence. In a second case, if the receptor is for an endogenous neurohumoral mediator or its precursor and not for drag, its change in number would lead to tolerance associated with dependence, as probably occurs with morphine. In a third case, if the receptor is both for drug and for endogenous neurohumoral substance, then its e in number would lead to dependence without tolerance, as probably o

ISSN:0007-0890    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1972.tb01207.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-0890    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1972.tb01208.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY