摘要:

AbstractThe year 1984 marked the centennial of the birth of George Alfred Leon Sarton, the father of the history of science. Sarton was the author of numerous major works in the field, including the three‐volume, 4,236‐page opusIntroduction to the History of Science, which many still consider one of the field's most definitive and ambitious works. Sarton also founded the field's primary journal,Isis, which he edited for forty years. But in spite of the importance Sarton placed on the history of science, he considered the discipline a means, not an end. Sarton's ultimate goal was an integrated philosophy of science that bridged the gap between the sciences and the humanities‐an ideal he called “the new humanism.” The forces and ideas that molded this idealistic scholar were a unique confluence of his Old World bourgeois upbringing and the experiences under German occupation during World War I that forced him to seek refuge in the Unit

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198504)21:2<107::AID-JHBS2300210202>3.0.CO;2-K

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGestaltpsychologiehad its birth in the fertile intellectual climate of Frankfurt am Main several years before the official founding of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University at Frankfurt. Among those in the group surrounding Max Wertheimer and applying his ideas each to their own special problems were Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler, and Gabriele Gräfin von Wartensleben. In addition to being the first woman to receive a doctor of philosophy degree from the University of Vienna, Von Wartensleben was the first person to publish a didactic statement of Wertheimer's general principles ofGestalttheori

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198504)21:2<118::AID-JHBS2300210203>3.0.CO;2-D

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractÉmile Durkheim is recognized for his analysis of horizontal division of labor (that is, task specialization differentiatingde jureequals). Vertical differences can also develop with structural differentiation, often taking the form of authority vested in regulatory agencies. But according to Durkheim, the conditions sufficient to produce specialized division of labor are not sufficient in themselves to produce regulatory structures. New regulatory agencies tend to emerge in environments characterized by directly attributable cost interdependence among a plethora of otherwise independent units

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198504)21:2<124::AID-JHBS2300210204>3.0.CO;2-L

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAs the Würzburg school passed into history, its method of experimental introspection was adopted for the study of religious experience by Protestant theologian Karl Girgensohn and his followers, collectively known as the Dorpat school of religious psychology. Through the painstaking research reported in hisDer seelische Aufbau des religiösen Erlebens(1921), Girgensohn sought to find in religious experience its essential elements. Under the leadership of Girgensohn's successor, Werner Gruehn, a decade of productive work followed, featuring research on children and adolescents, individual differences, and practical applications. Virtually halted by World War II, the work of the Dorpat school represents today a still viable idea

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198504)21:2<131::AID-JHBS2300210205>3.0.CO;2-Q

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractErnst Mach'sKnowledge and Error: Sketches on the Psychology of Enquiry(1905) is generally considered a key text in perceptual psychology and in physiological physics for its period. Yet here Mach also outlined a conceptual psychology different from that of his contemporaries Sigmund Freud, Hermann von Helmholtz, and Gustav Fechner: a psychology of scientific knowledge based on the mind's ability to conceptualize and on the survival of the individual organism and its species in this world. An examination of Mach's expositions about theory building and heuristics reveals his innovative identification of thought as a cultural artifact and of thinking processes as correlates to lived experience.

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198504)21:2<151::AID-JHBS2300210206>3.0.CO;2-L

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOtto Rank, one of Sigmund Freud's original followers, posited the existence of an “urge to immortality” as man's deepest drive. In hisPsychology and the Soul, Rank traced the desire for immortality through four historical eras, with particular emphasis on the creativity of the hero and the artist. By the end of his life, Rank had not only repudiated orthodox psychoanalysis and developed then abandoned a psychology of the will, he had moved “beyond psychology” to a religious view of history and the nature

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198504)21:2<169::AID-JHBS2300210207>3.0.CO;2-U

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractContrary to what is reported in many psychology texts, microscopists of the preformationist era in embryology, particularly Nicholas Hartsoeker and Antony van Leeuwenhoek, did not claim to have seen tiny homonculi, or fetuses, within human spermatozoa. This common misconception is based on the fact that both Hartsoeker and Leeuwenhoek had at one time included drawings of homonculi in their writings, but they did so only to suggest their possible appearance (Hartsoeker) or to refute allegations that they existed (Leeuwenhoek).

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198504)21:2<178::AID-JHBS2300210208>3.0.CO;2-T

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198504)21:2<180::AID-JHBS2300210209>3.0.CO;2-C

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198504)21:2<182::AID-JHBS2300210212>3.0.CO;2-Q

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198504)21:2<184::AID-JHBS2300210213>3.0.CO;2-H

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY