摘要:

AbstractJust before Boasian anthropologists turned from trying to reconstruct North American prehistory to synchronic work on social organization and on the psychological integration of intact cultures, they considered the validity of traditional/folk accounts. Robert Lowie, editor of the official journal of the American Anthropological Association, categorically rejected any use of such data, twisting the carefully delimited claims made for them by the anthropologists engaged in disentangling American ethnic groupings, who were unwilling to throw out all data except those provided by professionally trained (that is, Boasian) anthropologists. Rather than the “refutation” (in the Popperian sense) this episode has been taken to represent, it exemplifies a problematic along with the appropriate methods for the problematic being dropped as other problematics and methods become fashiona

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:4<335::AID-JHBS2300190402>3.0.CO;2-#

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStimulated partly by disagreement with Francis Galton'sHereditary Genius, Alphonse de Candolle's 1873Histoire des Sciences et des Savants depuis Deux Sièclesdrew on both personal and statistical data to show how various environmental variables influenced the rates at which different European countries produced eminent scientists. Galton was impressed by much of Candolle's case, and distressed to be labeled its opposition. He resolved his conflict by asserting that environmental variables were effective, but only for innately predisposed individuals, and then went on to name and formulate the modern form of the “nature‐nurture” contr

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:4<341::AID-JHBS2300190403>3.0.CO;2-7

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLester R. Kurtz's introduction to Robert Park's “Notes on the Origins of the Society for Social Research” (JHBS, October 1982) contains several errors of fact and understates the significance of the society for an understanding of the achievement of Chicago sociology. The role of the society as an institutional mechanism for consolidating and integrating a research group into a “school” is di

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:4<353::AID-JHBS2300190404>3.0.CO;2-Y

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe controversial hypothesis that the Salem witchcraft panic of 1692 resulted from ergot poisoning was recently defended by Mary Matossian. She argued that (a) weather conditions in Salem were conducive to the growth of ergot, (b) new evidence concerning the age distribution of ergot sufferers is consistent with the ages of those who exhibited symptoms at Salem, and (c) the symptoms displayed and reported at Salem were those of convulsive ergotism. Each of these propositions is critically examined and rejected, and the events purportedly explained by the ergot hypothesis are accounted for within a social psychological framework. This perspective views the Salem crisis as a sociopolitical drama played out in terms of the worldview shared by seventeenth‐century Puritans. The symptoms of demonic affliction are conceptualized as role enactments learned in and legitimated by the community, rather than as the results of diseas

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:4<358::AID-JHBS2300190405>3.0.CO;2-G

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractScholars of the eighteenth century had to face certain theoretical difficulties in their attempt to build an empirical science of psychic phenomena. The greatest of these difficulties was connected with the problem of the existence of what could be called the soul, or at least of psychic functions that did not seem visible as such. Three strategies were worked out during the Enlightenment in order to solve this problem: (1) the attempt to capture the “invisible” through some of its visible expressions; (2) the translation of the notion of soul into more empirical concepts; and (3) the annexation of the soul and the superior psychic functions to the body, or even their elimination through a new interpretation of the body as a dynamic and sensitive organ

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:4<370::AID-JHBS2300190406>3.0.CO;2-Z

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCommon understandings about the ancestry of “participant observation” as now defined are historically misleading. In the prewar texts taken as ancestors, access to meanings was not associated with participation per se, and where participation was used data might be quantified and were not distinguished from data from other sources; the term “participant observation” was not widely current, and only gradually developed its present meanings. Methods are defined in relation to the perceived alternatives, and it was only in the 1940s that the current set of alternatives emerged. To understand earlier writers' conceptions, their work must be related to its

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:4<379::AID-JHBS2300190407>3.0.CO;2-5

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPavlov's development of the conditional reflex theory coincided with the rise of American behaviorism. Substituting an objective physiology for a subjective psychology, Pavlov saw in the rise of American behaviorism a clear confirmation of his method and theory. But in the early 1930s, Lashley attacked Pavlov's theory of specific cerebral localization of function, proposing instead the concept of an internal cerebral organization; Guthrie objected to Pavlov's centralist interpretation of conditioning, proposing instead a peripheralist interpretation; while Hull challenged Pavlov's theory of sleep and hypnosis as the manifestations of inhibition. Pavlov replied with critiques of Lashley's, Guthrie's, and Hull's views, and, convinced that Lashley and Guthrie misunderstood his position, repeated his method's and theory's basic propositions. Yet, Pavlov never gave up the expectation that American behaviorism would accept his conditional reflex theory and saw in Hunter's 1932 statements a support of his assumptions.

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:4<394::AID-JHBS2300190408>3.0.CO;2-F

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:4<408::AID-JHBS2300190409>3.0.CO;2-6

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:4<411::AID-JHBS2300190410>3.0.CO;2-F

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5061    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:4<414::AID-JHBS2300190411>3.0.CO;2-3

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY