ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Children and adults respond to drugs differently. There are Important differences In the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of medications during infancy and childhood. Children's body systems are less developed; their gastrointestinal transit time varies; and their body composition changes with development. This article will explore pediatric pharmacokinetics, the effect the body has on a drug, and the Implications for practice. The controversial off-label use of medications must be considered when prescribing medications because specific dosage guidelines for the pediatric population still are not available for the majority of marketed drugs. Prescription writing must be appropriate, legible, and meticulous. Family education about medications and administration techniques is an essential part of the clinician's role. The limited scope of current research in pharmacokinetics and the effects on the developing child creates the need for more studies on drug therapy and the pediatric client. Furthermore, clinicians need to expand research on the effects of parental education on accurate medication administration and drug therapy compliance.

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Recent evidence demonstrates that only about 5% of individuals embarking on a weight loss program show lasting weight reduction. While many weight loss strategies have demonstrated poor results, some combinations of approaches have been successful. Empirical evidence demonstrates that certain conceptual approaches can contribute to the development of strategies to facilitate weight loss. This manuscript addresses three conceptual approaches that direct Intervention strategies. Cognitive-behavioral strategies are directed toward modification of eating behaviors, and the social-contextual approach is directed toward the social and partnership approach to intervention. Biophysical strategies that have demonstrated success in weight loss include the effect of dietary restriction and exercise on weight loss. Using this synthesis of empirical evidence for success in weight loss, practitioners can develop Individually tailored Intervention strategies for their clients.

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The “hot flash” (HF), or vasomotor Instability, Is experienced by 75% of perimenopausal and menopausal women In the United States. The experience for some women is a minor annoyance but for others, the HF is an intensely unpleasant sensation that is disruptive to their lives. The HF Is thought to be triggered by a number of external and Internal stimuli such as anxiety, stress, ambient high temperatures, caffeine, and alcohol. The thinner woman tends to experience more severe and frequent HFs than the woman with more adipose tissue, probably because of the ability of adipose tissue to transform and rostenedione to estrone and estradiol. Smoking history also tends to be associated with the experience of HFs at an earlier age. The etiology of HFs in the decreasing estrogen state is related to the downward resetting of the hypothalamic thermoregulating mechanism, probably by the action of norepinephrine, which is usually modulated by estrogen. The body attempts to dissipate unwanted body heat by vasodilation, thus causing the sensation of the HF. The most successful treatment modalities have been hormone replacement therapy with estrogen and progesterone. Alpha 2-adrenergic blockers have also shown some limited effectiveness. Many alternative therapies such as vitamin E, primrose oil, dong quai, and black cohash have anecdotal support but have not been thoroughly studied. Relaxation, exercise, avoidance of triggering factors, and control of external environment have all been utilized with some success by women.

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Numerous types of voiding dysfunctions affect patients In all medical and surgical specialties. Recognition, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment or management of voiding dysfunctions have increasingly become the responsibility of many primary health care providers. Urodynamics is a series of neurourologic diagnostic procedures designed to aid in the diagnosis of many types of voiding problems. This article will provide the primary health care provider with a basic but brief review of lower urinary tract function, a fundamental explanation of the urodynamic evaluation and requirements, and a description of the responsibilities of the patient throughout the testing process. Each urodynamic procedure is described separately with the required instrumentation needed for each specific test. This article also will review the responsibilities of the primary health care provider in preprocedural family and patient education, care and preparation, and postprocedural care of the patient referred for a urodynamic evaluation. Additionally, the major indications for a urodynamic workup and etiologies of abnormal findings will be reviewed.

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Although articles concerning AIDS care and its complexities are increasing in number, the nursing literature still does not adequately address the management of asymptomatic HIV disease. This paper presents the management of an asymptomatic client using a case study format. Management and treatment options are discussed as they relate to the problems arising from the assessment of the client on the initial visit to the outpatient clinic. Suggestions for follow-up care also are provided.

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Folic acid will soon be added to cereal-grain products as a result of a new public health measure enacted by the Food and Drug Administration. This fortification program will target women of childbearing age with the goal of Increasing folic acid intake, a B vitamin shown to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects. This measure may benefit the health of the general population, as recent research demonstrates that folic acid may be associated with the prevention of coronary artery disease and some cancers. This article will review the key concepts related to folic acid and provide an overview of the implications of the fortification program for the primary care practitioner. The clinician working with women and families must be prepared to provide individualized nutritional Intervention to assist individuals to reach the goal of 400 mcg of folate per day.

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This is the 27th in a series of articles based on chapters excerpted from theClinician's Handbook of Preventive Services, part of the Put Prevention into Practice Program from the U.S. Public Health Service. This month's article, which contains updated recommendations, is taken from a draft of the second edition of the Clinician's Handbook, scheduled to be published in the fall. The draft is awaiting final approval from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Undertreatment of all types of acute and chronic pain is common, both in the United States and around the world. Moreover, a literature review of pressure ulcer pain and its management suggests that this area of pain medicine is truly in its infancy. This article includes a discussion of current literature, anatomy and physiology of pain related to pressure and ischemic ulcers, and assessment methods. It also describes treatment modalities, including conservative measures, medication management, and invasive procedures. Special emphasis is placed on the use of opioid analgesics in the management of severe acute and chronic wound pain.

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID