ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Anabolic steroids are being used by athletes in a wide variety of sports in efforts to enhance their athletic performances. Steroid abuse is complex to evaluate due to the highly emotional subject matter and the limitations in researching anabolic steroids. This article has been written to heighten the practitioner's awareness of the problem of “sports doping” with anabolic steroids. It will provide practical information on possible consequences of steroid use and outline essential information to obtain through the history, physical exam and laboratory studies. Intervention strategies based on the three levels of prevention are described. With awareness of the problem of sports doping and knowledge of how to deal with it in primary care, the nurse practitioner can enhance the health care provided to aspiring athletes, athletes and retired athletes.

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In addition to radiation from naturally occurring radioactive materials and cosmic rays, individuals in developed countries receive radiation doses to bone marrow and gonads from the medical diagnostic use of X rays. A brief discussion of radiation epidemiology shows that deleterious effects are low even when doses are high. The concept of “acceptable risk” is introduced to help evaluate the small, but still existent, risks of radiation dose. Examples of bone marrow and gonadal doses for representative X-ray examinations are presented along with the current best estimates, per unit of X-ray dose, of the induction of leukemia or of genetic harm. The risk to the patient from an examination can then be compared with the normal risk of mortality from leukemia or of the occurrence of genetic defects. The risk increase is found to be very low. The risks to unborn children from radiograph ic examinations are also discussed. The benefit to the patient from information obtained from the examination must be balanced against the small risks.

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0361-1817    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1985

数据来源: OVID