ISSN:0195-7910    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0195-7910    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0195-7910    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Epidemiology is the study of disease in man. In evaluating radiation hazards, analytic studies have utilized the cohort type of investigation (where persons exposed and not exposed to radiation are followed forward in time for determination of disease experience) or case-control approaches (where persons with and without a specific disease are evaluated for previous exposure to radiation). Most radiation studies have evaluated cohorts (e.g., radiologists), although important case-control studies have been conducted (e.g., childhood leukemia as related to prenatal x ray).At its best, epidemiology is capable of evaluating relative risks (RR) on the order of 1.4 (i.e., a 40% relative excess). However, the RRs of interest following low doses of radiation (1 rad) are on the order of 1.02–1.002. Thus, not much should be anticipated from direct observations at 1 rad, and indirect approaches must be taken to estimate low-dose effects. Such indirect approaches include evaluating 1) populations exposed to a range of doses, both low and high, where interpolation models can be reasonably applied to estimate low-dose effects; and 2) populations exposed to fractionated doses over a long period of time where the resulting dose-effect relationship theoretically should be linear and the estimation of low-level health effects facilitated.

ISSN:0195-7910    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Growing recognition has been given to disability and death occurring in workers exposed to a variety of occupational hazards, and in the community as a consequence of environmental exposure. Moreover, there is constant accrual of new and unforeseen environmental hazards. Both industrial and rural occupations involve the use of many chemical, biological, and physical agents which may spill over into the general environment often with catastrophic results. The resultant spectrum of diseases ranges from pneumoconiosis caused by pulmonary mineral dust, to lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma related to asbestos, or liver angiosarcoma caused by vinyl chloride. These diseases may be prevented by appropriate industrial and hygienic measures or by interruption of the biological chain of events resulting in morbidity. The detection and investigation of occupational-environmental disease serves the cause of justice and permits due compensation, complements and validates environmental and occupational epidemiology, and is most likely to result in adoption of preventive measures. Medical-legal investigation comprise the following steps: 1) detection of cases (complete occupational history bearing in mind the delayed appearance of many of these diseases; clinical protocol and circumstances of death); 2) determination of pathological lesions (complete medical-legal autopsy and awareness of the potential pertinent pathological lesions and of the pathological markers present in some occupational diseases); and 3) detection, characterization, and quantitation of the causative agent (microscopy, ultramicroscopy, minerology, physical and chemical methods). Forensic detection and investigation of environmental-occupational disease may provide data otherwise not readily available.

ISSN:0195-7910    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A new approach to solving the problems of the study of disease is presented, utilizing the computer as a tool for analyzing epidemiological data. Various types of hardware and software are discussed in terms of application to the study of disease processes.

ISSN:0195-7910    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The literature is reviewed regarding estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) by chemical analysis of cadaver fluids. The most useful measurements on blood and CSF are amino nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, ammonia, creatine, and inorganic phosphate; these have some value in the early PMI. Probably the single most accurate determination is the potassium content of the vitreous humor, which shows a linear rise with time in the interval 12–100 hours postmortem. The rate of vitreous potassium rise is fairly independent of environmental influence. Other determinations that may prove valuable include the potassium content of the aqueous humor and the ammonia and magnesium content of the vitreous. Although no single measurement gives a completely reliable estimate of the PMI, combinations of chemical determinations can be useful adjuncts in cases of unwitnessed death.

ISSN:0195-7910    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This is a report of a 6-year-old child who died suddenly while at play and without any prior known illness. Autopsy revealed an extensive, fibrotic myocardial infarct involving the apex, diaphragmatic wall of the left ventricle and interventricular septum. The left anterior descending and the right coronary arteries presented with large, bulging calcified aneurysms. The aneurysms showed marked fibrous intimal thickening, atrophy of the media and extensive fragmentation of elastic elements. No evidence of active inflammation was present.

ISSN:0195-7910    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Some of the main causes of death prior to 1900 are mentioned, including disastrous epidemics of high mortality such as plague, smallpox and the so-called hunger epidemics. Also discussed are two chronic diseases remarkable for Iceland in old times, i.e., leprosy and hydatid disease.In the first third of the 20th century, infectious diseases still were the main cause of death in Iceland. The importance of tuberculosis in this connection is stressed. The very high infant mortality up to the beginning of this century is stressed. The changes in the main causes of death in the last decades are described and the growing influence of degenerative vascular diseases and cancer in that connection pointed out. Last, the remarkable fall in the infant mortality and increasing life expectancy from the beginning of this century with growing prosperity of the nation is stressed.

ISSN:0195-7910    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A review is provided of the organization and functions of the New York State Mental Hygiene Medical Review Board and the first 4 years of its investigative activities into sudden, unexpected, mysterious, or unnatural deaths among mental patients. In 4 years 384 such deaths have been investigated, among which natural causes, suicide, and accidents are the most common. Certain medical procedures, laws, and administrative methods have been changed due to findings of the Board.

ISSN:0195-7910    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1980

数据来源: OVID