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1. |
Laryngeal Basement Membrane Thickening Is Not a Reliable Postmortem Marker for SIDSResults From the Chicago Infant Mortality Study |
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The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,
Volume 20,
Issue 3,
1999,
Page 221-227
Henry Krous,
Fern Hauck,
Stanislaw Herman,
Marie Valdes-Dapena,
Kenneth McClatchey,
James Filkins,
Howard Hoffman,
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摘要:
It has been suggested that laryngeal basement membrane (LBM) thickening is a pathognomonic postmortem marker for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and is not seen in other causes of explained sudden infant death. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated longitudinal sections of the right hemilarynx taken through the midpoint of the true vocal cord from 129 SIDS cases and 77 postneonatal sudden infant death controls. Using a five-point semi-quantitative scale, maximum LBM thickness (LBMT) for SIDS cases and controls was not statistically different (mean, 2.39 + 0.69 and 2.40 + 0.77, respectively). Likewise, scores based on the average thickness along the entire basement membrane (i.e., "average" score), were not found to be different between SIDS cases and controls. Average and maximum LBMT increased with age in both SIDS cases and controls and were not different between SIDS cases and controls within each age interval. Similar trends in the distribution of maximum and average LBMTs were found between black and Hispanic SIDS and controls; the number of white/non-Hispanic infants was too low for meaningful comparisons. Maximum and average LBMTs were not different in SIDS cases and controls exposed to environmental tobacco compared with unexposed infants. The LBMTs also increased significantly with body weight and length in both SIDS cases and controls. Finally, there were no differences in LBMT in infants intubated prior to death compared with those who were not intubated. From these data, we conclude that LBMT is not pathognomonic of SIDS, is present or absent with equal frequency in SIDS and controls, increases with postnatal age, and does not correlate with passive smoke exposure. Therefore, LBMT should not be used to diagnose SIDS.
ISSN:0195-7910
出版商:OVID
年代:1999
数据来源: OVID
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2. |
Determination of the Time of Death in a Homicide-Suicide Case Using Flow Cytometry |
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The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,
Volume 20,
Issue 3,
1999,
Page 228-231
Nunzio Di Nunno,
Fulvio Costantinides,
Mauro Melato,
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摘要:
The study of the biologic processes involved in determining the postmortem interval also can be useful for determining the time of death. In this instance, we investigated the time of death in a case of homicide-suicide using circumstantial findings and thanatochronological and flow cytometric data. The flow cytometric data confirmed the time of death as calculated from the police investigations. This method has proven more reliable than thanatochronological techniques and can be used to supplement these observations. This case indicates that the use of flow cytometry "on the spot" is useful and reliable; however, more evidence is needed to support this new, although to date very sound, method of investigation.
ISSN:0195-7910
出版商:OVID
年代:1999
数据来源: OVID
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3. |
Human Bites and the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission |
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The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,
Volume 20,
Issue 3,
1999,
Page 232-239
Iain Pretty,
Gail Anderson,
David Sweet,
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摘要:
The risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission following a bite injury is important to many groups of people. The first are those who are likely to be bitten as an occupational risk, such as police officers and institutional staff. Another group are represented by the victims and perpetrators of crimes involving biting, both in attack and defense situations. The possibility of these bites transmitting a potentially fatal disease is of interest to the physicians who treat such patients and the legal system which may have to deal with the repercussions of such a transmission. Bite injuries represent 1% of all emergency department admissions in the United States, and human bites are the third most common following those of dogs and cats. The worldwide epidemic of HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) continues, with >5 million new cases last year and affecting 1 in 100 sexually active adults. A review of the literature concerning human bites, HIV and AIDS, HIV in saliva, and case examples was performed to examine the current opinion regarding the transmission of HIV via this route. A bite from an HIV-seropositive individual that breaks the skin or is associated with a previous injury carries a risk of infection for the bitten individual.
ISSN:0195-7910
出版商:OVID
年代:1999
数据来源: OVID
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4. |
Pulmonary Thromboembolism Following Calf Cellulitis: Report of an Unusual Complication of Dog Bite |
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The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,
Volume 20,
Issue 3,
1999,
Page 240-242
Giovanni Falconieri,
Micaela Zanella,
Salvatore Malannino,
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摘要:
We report a case of a 75-year-old woman who died of pulmonary thromboembolism following a dog bite to the calf. The bite caused laceration of the skin and gangrenous cellulitis of leg soft tissues. Six days after hospitalization, the patient died suddenly, despite early antibiotic and heparin administration. Postmortem examination revealed extensive thrombosis of the deep veins of the calf and massive thromboembolism of the main pulmonary arteries.
ISSN:0195-7910
出版商:OVID
年代:1999
数据来源: OVID
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5. |
Dog Pack Attack: Hunting Humans |
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The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,
Volume 20,
Issue 3,
1999,
Page 243-246
Simon Avis,
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摘要:
Dog bite-related fatalities, although unusual, accounted for 304 deaths in the United States between 1979 and 1996 and 6 fatalities in Canada between 1994 and 1996. Fatal dog pack attacks and attacks involving human predation are less common. The following describes a dog pack attack on a family of four involving 2 fatalities with predation of the victims. Factors previously identified that contribute to pack attacks and predation, including prior group hunting, social feeding, territorial defense, lack of human interaction, and prey stimuli, are discussed.
ISSN:0195-7910
出版商:OVID
年代:1999
数据来源: OVID
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6. |
Unusual Injury Pattern in a Case of Postmortem Animal Depredation by a Domestic German Shepherd |
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The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,
Volume 20,
Issue 3,
1999,
Page 247-250
M. Tsokos,
F. Schulz,
K. Püschel,
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摘要:
A case is presented of a 38-year-old woman with skeletization of the head, neck, and collar region and a circumscribed 26-cm × 19-cm defect on the left chest with sole removal of the heart through the opened pericardium but undamaged mediastinum and lungs. The injuries showed V-shaped puncture wounds and superficial claw-induced scratches adjacent to the wound margins that have been described as typical for postmortem animal depredation of carnivore origin and derived from postmortem animal damage by the woman's domestic German shepherd. The circumscribed destruction of the left chest with unusual opening of the pericardium is explained by the physiognomy of the muzzle of the German shepherd and differs from previous reports. Any case presented as postmortem animal mutilation should be viewed with skepticism and undergo a full autopsy.
ISSN:0195-7910
出版商:OVID
年代:1999
数据来源: OVID
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7. |
Injuries of Motorcyclists and Bicyclists Examined at Autopsy |
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The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,
Volume 20,
Issue 3,
1999,
Page 251-255
Masahito Hitosugi,
Akihiro Takatsu,
Akio Shigeta,
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摘要:
Few studies of autopsy findings of persons dying of head and neck injuries in cyclists have been published. We performed a retrospective analysis of injury severity and the relation between head and neck injuries and helmet use. Seventy-six bicyclists and motorcyclists were collected from among the forensic autopsy at the Jikei University School of Medicine. From autopsy findings and accident reports, the abbreviated injury scale (AIS) and the injury severity score (ISS) were calculated and analyzed epidemiologically. As a result, helmet use significantly decreased the severity of head and neck injuries but had no effect on overall injury severity or the severity of injuries to other body regions. Furthermore, helmets had little effect on injuries remote from the point of impact, injuries resulting from angular acceleration, or injuries at the junction of the head and neck. These findings may be useful for both forensic pathologists and clinicians evaluating injuries in bicyclists and motorcyclists.
ISSN:0195-7910
出版商:OVID
年代:1999
数据来源: OVID
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8. |
An Unusual Case of Fatal Gas Embolism |
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The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,
Volume 20,
Issue 3,
1999,
Page 256-260
Yasuo Bunai,
Atsushi Nagai,
Isao Nakamura,
Susumu Kanno,
Sadao Yamada,
Isao Ohya,
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摘要:
We describe an unusual case of fatal gas embolism, in which a man died by connecting an extension tube supplying oxygen to an indwelling catheter that was inserted into the left cephalic vein.
ISSN:0195-7910
出版商:OVID
年代:1999
数据来源: OVID
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9. |
Advantages of Dental Mitochondrial DNA for Detection and Classification of the Sequence Variation Using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms |
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The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,
Volume 20,
Issue 3,
1999,
Page 261-268
Hiroshi Ohira,
Yoshihiro Yamada,
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摘要:
After amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the nucleotide sequences of a 452-bp section of the D-loop region of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were determined in 40 teeth extracted from patients living in Kanagawa prefecture, Japan. Dental DNA was extracted separately from the dental pulp and dentin (i.e., the attached pulp cells from the most superficial layer of the pulp cavity wall) of the same tooth. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the 452-bp region of the D-loop demonstrated that nucleotide substitutions and insertion/deletion events were identical in material from both sources. Thus, dentin produces equivalent results when the dental pulp of a tooth is unsuitable for mtDNA analysis. To establish the reliability of the screening procedure for the sequence analysis, we identified restriction sites for the enzymesKpnI andMnlI in the 452-bp region of the D-loop. Thirteen of 14 patterns of four polymorphisms analyzed using the mtDNA from the 40 tooth samples were identifiable by an initial screening procedure involving restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Combined use of sequence analysis and RFLP analysis proved extremely efficient in analyzing mtDNA polymorphisms, allowing identification of individuals.
ISSN:0195-7910
出版商:OVID
年代:1999
数据来源: OVID
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10. |
A Review of Major Factors Contributing to Errors in Human Hair Association by Microscopy |
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The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,
Volume 20,
Issue 3,
1999,
Page 269-273
Stephanie Smith,
Charles Linch,
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摘要:
Forensic hair examiners using traditional microscopic comparison techniques cannot state with certainty, except in extremely rare cases, that a found hair originated from a particular individual. They also cannot provide a statistical likelihood that a hair came from a certain individual and not another. There is no data available regarding the frequency of a specific microscopic hair characteristic (i.e., microtype) or trait in a particular population. Microtype is a term we use to describe certain internal characteristics and features expressed when observing hairs with unpolarized transmitted light. Courts seem to be sympathetic to lawyer's concerns that there are no accepted probability standards for human hair identification. UnderDaubert,microscopic hair analysis testimony (or other scientific testimony) is allowed if the technique can be shown to have testability, peer review, general acceptance, and a known error rate. As with other forensic disciplines, laboratory error rate determination for a specific hair comparison case is not possible. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based typing of hair roots offer hair examiners an opportunity to begin cataloging data with regard to microscopic hair association error rates. This is certainly a realistic manner in which to ascertain which hair microtypes and case circumstances repeatedly cause difficulty in association. Two cases are presented in which PCR typing revealed an incorrect inclusion in one and an incorrect exclusion in another. This paper does not suggest that such limited observations define a rate of occurrence. These cases illustrate evidentiary conditions or case circumstances which may potentially contribute to microscopic hair association errors. Issues discussed in this review paper address the potential questions an expert witness may expect in aDauberthair analysis admissibility hearing.
ISSN:0195-7910
出版商:OVID
年代:1999
数据来源: OVID
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