ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b617840p

出版商:RSC    

年代:2006

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

IntroductionMany extensive measurements exist on urban hydrocarbon concentrations. In the UK, the operation of the Automated Urban Network (AUN) has provided a wealth of data.1However, much less is known about long-term measurements in UK remote/rural locations, although intensive campaigns have been undertaken at locations such as Mace Head2(Ireland), and Weybourne3(Norfolk). Long-term rural hydrocarbon measurements would have a variety of uses, for example providing information on the air quality arriving at urban locations, assessing the impact of city plumes and outflow on rural areas, and on the effect of European pollution events on the UK. The sole monitoring station in the AUN network classified as a rural monitoring station is sited at Harwell (Oxfordshire). Its location, within the highly urbanized southeast corner of the UK, makes it unrepresentative of rural concentrations within the UK as a whole.The University of Leeds field station at Haverah Park, located on open moorland, approximately 20 km to the north of Leeds, offers the opportunity to study a number of the above issues, dependent on the origin of air mass. Samples originating from the north and northwest will be relatively clean, having encountered few anthropogenic sources within the UK. Conversely, air masses originating from the south-southwest will bring relatively high concentrations of hydrocarbons from the Leeds–Bradford urban conurbation. During anti-cyclonic conditions, easterly airflows will bring in continental European air, without significant enhancement from major UK sources.The relative concentrations of various hydrocarbons have been used to assess the chemical history of the incoming air mass. A variety of quantitative approaches can be used4,5but they have a common qualitative approach,i.e.that as the air mass ages it is relatively enhanced in the more unreactive species. In most cases, OH is the most important species for hydrocarbon oxidation, but the influence of other initiating species such as Cl, Br, NO3and O3can be detected from such studies.6–8During the winter, Haverah Park is mainly subject to northwesterly or southwesterly airflows, bringing in relatively clean and dirty air respectively and thus we would expect to see a significant difference in relative hydrocarbon concentrations if chemical processing has been taking place. The C6–C8aromatic hydrocarbons considered in the study are ideal for this work as they are primarily attributed to a single source, automotive exhaust, and with a relatively constant initial distribution.9This paper reports the concentrations of C6–C8hydrocarbons, taken at approximately hourly intervals in a two-week period during January 1999 to assess the suitability of Haverah Park as a long-term monitoring station. Although the dataset is comparatively small, the weather patterns encountered during this period are representative of the entire winter and, therefore, we expect the observed concentrations to bare comparison with longer-term measurements from elsewhere in the UK. Variations in concentration levels can be rationalized from the trajectories of the parent air masses with both the short and long-term origin of the air mass contributing to the observed concentration levels. Ratios of hydrocarbon concentrations have been analysed in order to investigate the degree of chemical processing that has taken place during the air mass trajectory.

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b207255f

出版商:RSC    

年代:2002

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Environmental impactWater reservoirs are the primary source of freshwater for most cities around the world, yet the general point-based approaches are usually insufficient to identify the spatiotemporal variations of reservoir water quality. We develop an effective and reliable approach for mapping the water contents of Chlorophyll-aand suspended solids for the entire Tsengwen Reservoir at intervals of about one month in 2006. This support comes from the multi-temporal observations made by Formosat-2 that are difficult to attain with other space-borne platforms. This research encourages the applications of Formosat-2 high spatiotemporal imagery on monitoring a multi-lake ecological system and relating the water quality to the watershed management practices. This research would motivate the environmental community to explore the possibility of monitoring the environment from the daily revisit platform.

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b912897b

出版商:RSC    

年代:2009

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b418358b

出版商:RSC    

年代:2004

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Chemistry will play the underpinning role in addressing the key issues relating to energy, food, water and health in a sustainable way in the future. Crucially, the resourcing of materials, their processing, and waste management to support these areas, will place increasing demands on environmental monitoring, and the role of environmental science in contributing to solutions on a grand scale. Foremost amongst these will be how the world meets the challenge of climate change and the increasing provision of carbon-free energy sources.Of total world energy use for power, heating and transportation, around 80% of primary sources comprises fossil fuels, with a further 7% derived from nuclear. The remaining 13% from carbon-neutral or carbon-free renewables paints a deceptive picture because nearly all the biomass portion (10%) is agricultural waste or wood, rather than what we would recognise as bio-fuels, such as ethanol or bio-diesel. The higher-technology renewables, such as photo-voltaics, wind, tidal, hydro and geothermal constitute just 3% of world energy provision. All this is equivalent in energy terms to the use of over 11 billion tonnes of oil each year.The impact of that 80% can be addressed only through a combination of massive carbon dioxide sequestration and substitution of fossil fuels with a mix of renewables and nuclear, although the last of these raises important issues of radioactive management. Whatever the political or economic decisions made in the future, it is essential that we have the science available to implement the routes selected.Long-term sequestration has yet to be demonstrated. The future will also move to one likely to be increasingly dominated by electricity and hydrogen, with new ways of storage and transmission or transportation. Further into the future, some are asking whether it might not be possible to capture the carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere, and through a catalytic reaction with water (driven by sunlight), produce liquid fuels, such as methanol, to meet all global energy needs. There is sufficient solar energy and feedstock to do just that, but in this and the other areas, science still has a challenge. The efficiency in land use for different options will be a key issue, as will be full life-cycle analysis. Open debate and transparency of information will be essential. Too few people appreciate for example that, in terms of energy generated, bio-fuels require typically twenty times the land area of a photo-voltaic facility.It will be essential to have national and global leadership to bring about the changes needed in a self-consistent way. This will drive the regulatory and fiscal framework within which countries, companies and individuals will operate in the future. With the inertia of the various hydrocarbons industries, and conversely the need for innovators to have incentives, the biggest risk is that governments will shy away from difficult decisions and fail to provide a clear vision for the way ahead. If there is no material change in implemented policy within five years, alarm bells should be ringing. There is only so much that individuals, themselves, can do directly to reduce their carbon foot-print. Nor should we be lulled into thinking that the decline of fossil fuels will compel us to develop alternatives sooner rather than later. In reality, coal, oil and gas will provide reserves for hundreds of years at current consumption rates. This is the major contributor to the 0.6% per annum rise in the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, now at about 380 parts per million (ppm).The consequences of limited action include changes in regional climates and local weather patterns, and their (largely adverse) impacts on flora and fauna, and ultimately human populations. Most tangible will be the continuing melting of ice and the flow of the melt-water from the polar land-masses into the oceans, leading to further rises in sea-level. All this is likely to have an enormous effect on the socio-economic fabric of our world. While we must be realistic about the future—and it may look daunting—we should see these challenges not as problems, but business and career opportunities. These will drive science to work more collaboratively and internationally, and engage political and financial decision-makers to work in a way not seen for over sixty years, since the Second World War. This cannot take place in isolation, however, and as a subject, energy and the environment needs to be integrated more effectively into the educational supply chain, from primary school to university, with appropriately trained teachers.This is the tenth anniversary of theJournal of Environmental Monitoring, and I wish all contributors, authors, referees, other members and staff, the very best in being in the forefront of a discipline that will play a major role in our future.Dr Richard Pike MA PhD CSci CEng FRSCChief Executive Officer, Royal Society of Chemi

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b718779n

出版商:RSC    

年代:2007

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

On the brinkWith the warming of the planet and the myriad of related environmental consequences, there has never been a more important time to conduct and publish environmental research. New technologies are also pushing an environmental agenda, from nanotechnology to renewable biofuels and water reuse processes. TheJournal of Environmental Monitoring(JEM) is poised to lead in the publishing of this exciting research, as it reaches its tenth anniversary this year. The last year and a half has seen a transformative change inJEM, as it has emerged from adolescence and become a mature and healthy publication. We completed a strategic positioning process and have nearly completed its implementation.One of the more important changes has been the expansion of the Editorial Advisory Board. We have added a number of world-class scientists to the Board, to broaden the expertise represented on the Board and also to support and raise the profile of the journal. We are pleased to welcome Professor Peter Liss, from East Anglia University (UK), who brings his extensive atmospheric sciences and climate change experience to the Board; Dr Beate Escher, a rising star in ecotoxicology from EAWAG (Switzerland); Dr Bernhard Michalke, a metals speciation expert from the GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health (Germany); and Dr Stephen Mudge, University of Wales (UK), who brings his expertise in environmental forensics. We continue to benefit from the guidance of our other Board members, Professor Kevin Jones, University of Lancaster (UK), Dr Martin Harper, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), Professor Omowunmi Sadik, State University of New York-Binghamton (US), and Dr Jose Centeno, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (US). We have taken advantage of this diversity to add perspectives on nanotechnology, and expand our critical reviews.This year, it will be ten years since the launch ofJEM, which took place at the AIRMON Conference in Norway in 1999, thus it is only fitting that our celebrations will also be launched at this conference on January 27th in Geilo, Norway, with aJEMsponsored Lecture and sponsorship for the meeting. We will be celebrating this anniversary in a number of ways and in so doing, hope to offer even greater support to the relevantJEMcommunities. We will be sponsoringJEMlectures at relevant major conferences; we will run special anniversary Editorials from senior figures in the Environmental sector and we shall also be featuring a series of anniversary reviews in the journal. Editorial staff and Board Members will be attending many meetings throughout the year and we sincerely look forward to meeting you and hearing your feedback on any aspect of the journal.JEMhas seen a steady improvement in quality and recognition, with the metrics of success all going in the right direction. Our rejection rate is high (80%), with an increase in submissions, resulting in greater selectivity of accepted articles and an overall increase in quality. We have also benefited from a number of forward-looking and innovative publication policies and tools at the RSC, which are explained in detail below.Finally, we would like to express our sincere thanks to all our authors who provide the excellent work that is published in the journal; our reviewers, who continue to work hard to provide such an excellent service in filtering out the poor work and maintaining high acceptance standards; and, of course, to you, our readers and subscribers.We have much to celebrate as we enter our anniversary year—and much environmental science to publish. Join us as we go forward into our second decade of success, publishing cutting edge research on environmental processes and impact

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b718582k

出版商:RSC    

年代:2007

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

LegislationClimate a priority for new CommissionClimate change emerged as one of the winners in the new European Commission, with the announcement of a new department dedicated to steering the EU's climate change agenda. Connie Hedegaard, former climate and energy minister of Denmark, will head the new department and serve as Climate Commissioner under Commission President José Manuel Barroso.Introducing the team for his second term, Mr Barroso said the new commissioner will “promote the climate agenda both internally and externally”. Ms Hedegaard had been a favourite for the post. She will deal with the EU's international climate strategy, Europe's emissions trading scheme and industrial emissions and ozone layer protection, including the integrated pollution prevention and control directive (IPPC).The move represents a set back for the Commission's environment department, which has been significantly scaled down. In addition to climate and industrial pollution it will lose its biotechnology, pesticides and health unit to the health department and two civil protection units to the humanitarian aid department. Its main responsibilities, under former research commissioner Janez Potočnik, will be issues such as soil protection, water and air policy.Mr Barroso also confirmed the transport and energy directorate would be split into two departments, with the pro-nuclear German Gunter Oettinger in charge of energy. EU anti-fraud chief Siim Kallas will become transport commissioner in place of Antonio Tajani, who takes over as head of the industry department. Andris Piebalgs moves from energy to development and Maire Geoghegan-Quinn obtained the research portfolio.All posts are subject to confirmation hearings in the European Parliament in January.European Commission:http://ec.europa.eu/EU gets tough on wasteThe European Commission is set to take a much tougher stance on waste management, after two recent reports showed waste law is poorly implemented and enforced in many countries. Member States must take EU waste legislation much more seriously than they have done in the past, the Commission said.The analysis came in a report on recent implementation of eight waste laws, including directives on end-of-life vehicles, waste oils, sewage sludge and hazardous waste. Implementation of the waste framework directive and laws on landfills and waste shipment are particularly problematic, the Commission said. In many cases, waste treatment infrastructure is missing and waste is not collected separately, it added. This means targets for the reuse, recycling and recovery for waste streams such as electrical and electronic equipment, end-of-life vehicles and packaging are not being met. Problems are particularly acute in eastern European countries.More than 20% of all EU environmental infringement cases are related to waste management and the Commission has signalled its intention to step up enforcement actions against those states failing to comply. Proper implementation of EU waste legislation could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 30%, the Commission estimates. There are also significant opportunities for companies from generating secondary raw materials.Brussels also called for better information and indicators which “could facilitate a more in-depth investigation into the state of implementation” and the effectiveness and efficiency of waste legislation. The statement is further evidence that the EU executive's policy focus is progressively shifting from law-making to implementation and enforcement.The Commission is also finalising guidelines, to be published later this year, for drawing up national waste prevention programmes. Member States must draw up such plans by December 2013. According to a spokesperson, waste prevention initiatives work best when targeted at specific waste streams such as paper and packaging. Governments must set “waste prevention objectives” in their plans but they are under no obligation to set quantitative targets.European Commission:http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/Agency to revise SO2standardsAfter nitrogen, ozone and particulate matter,1sulphur dioxide is the next pollutant on EPA's list to be subject to stricter air quality standards. The Agency has announced it is to strengthen the sulphur dioxide (SO2) air quality standard for the first time in nearly 40 years.Under the proposal, EPA would set a new national one-hour SO2standard at between 50 and 100 parts per billion (ppb). This standard is designed to protect against short-term exposures ranging from five minutes to 24 hours. The current 24 hour and annual health standards would be revoked because the revised standards would be more protective.Monitoring and reporting requirements will also be strengthened, with monitors being placed in areas with high SO2emission levels as well as in urban areas. The Air Quality Index would be updated to reflect the revised standards, improving states' ability to alert the public when short-term SO2levels may affect their health.Only the primary standards—those designed to protect public health—are affected. EPA will address the secondary standard—designed to protect the public welfare, including the environment—as part of a separate proposal in 2011.Also, EPA has unveiled new interactive tracking tools on its website to provide the public with information on SO2emissions. Users can observe recent changes in emissions and other indicators using interactive charts and Google Earth satellite maps. In addition, information on federal and state enforcement of air and hazardous waste regulations at facility level is available through the Agency's updated Enforcement and Compliance Online (ECHO) website.EPA:www.epa.gov/air/sulfurdioxide;www.epa.gov/airmarkets/quarterlytracking.html;www.epa-echo.gov/echo/Europe split on biocides directiveEuropean authorities are divided over controversial proposals to revise EU rules on biocidal products.Under proposals tabled by the European Commission,2companies would be charged annual fees for certain biocide approvals. Authorisation would be introduced Europe-wide, with fees paid to the European Chemicals Agency and national bodies. Many Member States are opposed to annual fees, although some such as Ireland already impose charges. The Commission accepts that reduced fees could be introduced for small businesses, provided these could be financed by other means.MEPs, meanwhile, are concerned that the Commission's proposals for on EU-wide authorisation system do not go far enough. At present, only two types of products—low-risk biocides and products based on new active ingredients—would require EU authorisation; others would continue to be authorised at national level, with strengthened rules on mutual recognition by other EU states. Some MEPs want to rein back the proposals, while others want them extended to cover a wider range of biocidal products.Christa Klass, who is leading the Parliament's response on the measure, said the proposal could entail “massive costs” for industry. But Danish centre-left MEP Dan Jorgensen said there was too much focus on reducing costs at the expense of environmental and health protection. Mr Jorgensen predicted that the Parliament's discussions on biocides would closely mirror its lively debates on the new EU authorisation procedure for pesticides.Industry representatives are concerned about the Commission's “low-risk” definition for products subject to EU-wide authorisation. Alexander Grube of German chemicals body VCI said its members believed it would be “almost impossible” to find substances meeting the definition. Ministers are divided over how broad the low-risk definition should be.European Commission:http://ec.europa.eu/environment/biocides/index.htm; European Parliament:www.europarl.europa.euRoHS debate hits full strideDebate on the proposed revision to two EU laws relating to electrical and electronic equipment intensified during the late autumn, with discussions in both the European Parliament and Environment Council (representing national governments). The two bodies agree on some issues and are split on others.Most EU governments want the restrictions on hazardous substances in electrical equipment (RoHS) legislation to cover all electrical goods, with specific exemptions for certain products.3With many MEPs in the Parliament's Environment Committee taking a similar line, the European Commission's proposal to retain the existing closed scope for RoHS looks likely to be rejected.UK MEP Jill Evans, who is the Parliament's sponsor (or ‘rapporteur’) for the proposals, wants restrictions extended to cover PVC, chlorinated plasticisers, and the phthalates DEHP, BBP and DBP. There should be a transition period of three-and-a-half years for products not previously covered by RoHS to give producers time to prepare and apply for exemptions. Looking further ahead, Ms Evans wants new criteria for deciding on future substance bans. Reviews should consider the impact of a substance on the recyclability of products, the exposure of workers handling end-of-life products, and the potential release of hazardous substances during recovery or disposal.Many large electronics firms are already phasing out halogenated flame retardants and PVC from their products. At a recent event on greening electronics, a spokesperson for Sony Ericsson Mobile said the mobile phone industry “is already going bromine- and PVC-free”. “Legislation banning these substances would help, because it makes alternatives cheaper more quickly,” he said. But Willem Hofland of EBFRIP, representing manufacturers, said the Commission's decision not to propose restrictions on chlorinated and brominated flame retardants, such as TBBPA, was due to a lack of scientific evidence for a ban. These substances are “far more tested and controlled” than current alternatives, and some have already passed EU risk assessments, he added.Governments and MEPs are less united over proposals for harmonisation of EU rules on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), however. Under the Commission's proposal producers would only have to complete a single registration in one EU country to be registered in all member states where they operate. This is designed to eliminate the need for multiple registrations, which the Commission and industry say are overly burdensome. Governments have argued that EU-wide registration will make it harder for them to enforce the rules in their territories, and have also raised concerns over the costs of making their producer registries interoperable.In a debate in the Parliament's Environment Committee, German MEP Karl-Heinz Florenz questioned governments' stance on the issue. “I can only assume it's because registrations generate revenues, and governments don't want to lose money”, he said. Mr Florenz also questioned why a new EU-wide WEEE collection target of at least 65% by weight of EEE products placed on the market in the previous two years would only apply from 2016.In a related move, industry has criticised Ms Evans's proposal to phase out antimony trioxide as part of the RoHS revision. The International Antimony Association said the measure was ill-informed because the substance poses no health risks. Other substances on the review list include arsenic and beryllium compounds, bisphenol-A, and organobromines and organochlorines other than flame retardants and plasticisers.European Parliament, Environment Committee:www.europarl.europa.eu; EBFRIP:www.ebfrip.org; International Antimony Association:www.antimony.be

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b925186n

出版商:RSC    

年代:2009

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Dr Richard E. Dodge is Dean of, and Professor at, the Oceanographic Center of Nova Southeastern University. Dodge is also Executive Director of the Center’s National Coral Reef Institute (NCRI). He received his B.A. degree from the University of Maine in 1969 and his Master’s of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Geology & Geophysics from Yale University in 1973 and 1978.Dodge is a recognized authority on corals and coral reef ecosystems. He has conducted research on coral reefs in a wide variety of locations worldwide. He has held grants and contracts from NSF, DOE, USGS, the U.S. Navy, Florida Sea Grant, NOAA, the EPA, South Florida Water Management District, Marine Spill Response Corporation, MMS, ONR, State of Florida DEP and FWC, Broward Co, the U.S. Department of Justice, and others.He is the author of many publications in the scientific literature and reports for various agencies and companies. He has expertise on the effects of natural and man-induced impacts to coral reefs and on coral growth. He has served as an expert witness on coral reef injuries. He is past Editor of the international scientific journalCoral Reefs. He is a member of the coral advisory committee for the Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Management Council. Dodge is a founding member of the Florida Coastal Ocean Observing System Caucus and Research Consortium. He is Chair of the Local Organizing Committee for the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium to be held in July, 2008, in Ft. Lauderdale Flor

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b717992h

出版商:RSC    

年代:2007

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

IntroductionThe final workshop of the European Union projectKnowledge and Need Assessment of Pharmaceutical Products in Environmental Waters(KNAPPE:www.knappe-eu.org) was held at the École des Mines, Paris, France, between 8th–9th September, 2008. The meeting attracted over 50 delegates from across Europe with attendees being drawn mainly from the scientific, dispensing, industrial, regulatory, and policy making communities. The two-day workshop provided presentations of results of earlier activities, and round table discussions aimed at formulating proposals for future European actions. These also promoted networking between various end users from different sectors. It aimed to facilitate an exchange of ideas, a review of progress on minimising impacts of pharmaceutical products (PPs) in the aquatic environment in Europe, and included both policy and technical issues. The workshop was tasked with identifying important issues to be tackled by key players, including policy makers, manufacturers, and scientists involved in monitoring PPs in the aquatic environment in the future.KNAPPE was funded for 18 months and its brief was to look at all aspects of manufacture, distribution, dispensing and end-use of pharmaceuticals for human and veterinary use, and how these factors can impact on the aquatic environment. The project comprised five scientific work packages that reviewed the occurrence of PPs in the aquatic environment, their removal by water treatment processes, methodologies to limit their discharge, their health and environmental impacts, eco-pharmacostewardship and eco-pharmacovigilance. All these aspects were covered in the workshop. The remainder of this report will focus only on the outputs and implications for future monitoring of PPs in the environment.

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b819163h

出版商:RSC    

年代:2008

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

IntroductionRisk assessment related to trace metals (TM) in environmental solids is of special importance for ecology, agriculture and environmental management. In the analysis of soils and sediments, batch sequential extraction procedures are traditionally used for the fractionation of TM according to their mobility and bioavailability.1–4The nominal “forms” determined by operational fractionation can help to estimate the amounts of TM in different reservoirs which could be mobilized under changes in chemical properties of soil.4,5However, the traditional sequential extraction procedures (SEP) are rather laborious and require at least a few days because in many cases the kinetics of TM recovery from solid samples can be slow. In addition, all SEP are based on a series of batch extraction experiments while naturally occurring processes are always dynamic.An interesting continuous-flow extraction system for the fractionation of TM has been recently proposed.6,7The extraction was performed in a mixing chamber (10 ml volume) closed by a membrane filter while reactants were subsequently passed through. Apart from the simplicity, the system has many other advantages. Disadvantages of the system include the fact that the eluent in contact with the particulate matter is only partially renewed with time and that the flow rate is not stable throughout the experiment.Other techniques employ microcolumns8or microcartridges9filled with dried solid samples. It becomes possible to perform the continuous-flow leaching with on-line determination of elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The proposed method looks very attractive, however, its sensitivity may be somewhat limited by the sample weight (10–80 mg). In contrast to micro techniques, very big columns have been used in hydrogeochemical studies.1010 kg of sample were treated to determine the differences between the binding forms of iron and trace metals in sediments with and without the addition of alkaline substances.11In previous work12we have proposed a new approach to performing an accelerated sequential extraction of TM from environmental solid samples. It has been shown that rotating coiled columns (RCC) earlier used mainly in counter-current chromatography can be successfully applied to the continuous-flow leaching of heavy metals from soils and sediments. A solid sample was retained in the rotating column as the stationary phase under the action of centrifugal forces while different eluents (used according to the Kersten–Foerstner13or McLaren–Crawford14protocols) were continuously pumped through. The developed procedure is time saving and required only 4–5 h, with complete automation being possible. Losses of solid sample were minimal. In most cases a dynamic extraction in RCC provided higher (compared with SEP) recoveries of readily bioavailable and leachable forms of Pb, Zn, and Cd. The Kersten–Foerstner and McLaren–Crawford leaching schemes have been correlated, the former has been found to be preferable.In the present study the applicability of the three-step BCR scheme to the dynamic leaching of TM using RCC will be studied. The extractable contents of TM in reference materials CRM-601 and BCR-701 were certified especially for this scheme15–20adopted by the Standards, Measurements and Testing Program of the European Commission (formerly the BCR Program). Hence, investigating CRM-BCR samples is of special importance for evaluation of the proposed continuous-flow fractionation technique. In addition, some kinetic aspects of continuous-flow leaching in RCC will be considered.

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b413611j

出版商:RSC    

年代:2004

数据来源: RSC