摘要:

The tenth anniversaryLast year we celebrated the tenth anniversary of the launch of theJournal of Environmental Monitoring, and we marked this special milestone with a series of special editorials, anniversary reviews, and anniversary lectures. We had much to celebrate about the past ten years, as well as celebrate our increasingly significant position in the field of environmental science publishing and the potential for greater success in the future. This particular milestone represents a coming-of-age for the journal, as our audience has broadened, our citations have increased, our articles and reviews are of ever-increasing quality, and our promise of fast publication times has been met. We are ready for and look forward to the challenges of the next ten years with a very positive outlook!Our special contributions in 2008 demonstrate the success and draw ofJEMas we were able to include Editorials, Perspectives and Critical Reviews from a wide variety of esteemed policy leaders and preeminent scientists. For example, Eduardo de Mulder, Director of the UN International Year of Planet Earth Secretariat,1and Robert T. Watson, Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs2and Richard Pike, Chief Executive of the Royal Society of Chemistry.3These Editorials offered a broad view of our world and its environmental challenges, as well as opportunities and potential solutions for the future.The tenth year issues also featured a number of critical reviews dealing with some of our most pressing global environmental challenges. Subjects that were covered included: climate change impacts on coral reef condition;4natural disasters and their impacts on the health of communities;5dryland agricultural regions, and implications for sustainable management;6food safety and public health;7and laboratory applications of mineral dust aerosols and their impacts on global climate.8The final issue contained a timely review of naturally occurring asbestos and implications for health risk.9These 10th anniversary articles and reviews have been very successful forJEM, thus we intend to continue publishing reviews and papers that deal with major issues of public and scientific concern under the title of ‘JEMSpotlight Articles’. Critical reviews addressing such broad issues are welcome and encouraged.Finally, we celebrated with two Anniversary Lectures, the first given at AIRMON 2008, (held in Geilo, Norway, 27th–31st January, 2008) by Albert Gilmutdinov, Kazan State University, Russia10and the second at Dioxin 2008 (Birmingham, UK, 17th–22nd October 2008), given by Kevin Jones, University of Lancaster, UK.11For full details of all our 10th Anniversary Celebrations please visitwww.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/em/News/celebrating_10_years.asp.We are no longer a new publication, but an established high quality international journal of environmental sciences. This maturity is reflected in our publication statistics—we have published reviews and papers from authors residing in 62 countries. We have doubled the number of reviews being published and our submissions continue to grow reflecting the increase in scientific quality. Our impact factor has improved steadily, and our average times to publication remain the fastest in the field at just under four months from receipt.We look forward to the coming decade, to new achievements and further milestones, and thank you, our readers, authors and reviewers for joining us on this journey.

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b819617f

出版商:RSC    

年代:2008

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

This issue features selected papers presented at AIRMON 2005, held in Loen, Norway, 12th–16th June, 2005. The four previous AIRMON meetings have been held: at Geilo, Norway (1993 and 1999), in Sälen, Sweden (1996) and Lillehammer, Norway (2002). In contrast to previous meetings, 12 free short courses (two hours’ duration) were offered to all participants during the symposium. This new concept was instituted to stimulate participants to learn more about theoretical and practical issues, as well as to obtain specialists’ recommendations. Biomonitoring, when relevant in connection with air exposure and measurements, was also addressed at AIRMON 2005.The aim of AIRMON 2005 was to facilitate interdisciplinary and intersector discussions about recent advances in exposure monitoring within the preventive framework of identifying and controlling health hazards within the workplace and in the environment. For the characterisation of exposure to chemical and biological agents, sensitive, selective and user-friendly methods and relevant sampling strategies are needed. In recent years there has been continuous development in the area of air and biological monitoring, and it is essential to promote the knowledge of newly developed methods and strategies for workplace, indoor and ambient exposure monitoring. The scientific programme consisted of seven plenary and two parallel sessions, with 60 oral presentations, 37 posters and 12 short course contributions. The 150 registered participants represented 19 countries and four continents.The social side of all conferences helps to gel existing working relationships and establish new ones, therefore AIRMON included three social events with excursions to Geiranger Fjord and Høgeniba (1013 m above sea level) and the outdoor farewell party at the Briksdal Glacier where the participants were ‘exposed’ to the overwhelming beauty of the glacier and fjord district of Norway.The last day of the conference was focused on peak exposure strategies and measurements, this subject was chosen to help build a bridge between AIRMON and the Nordic Institute for Advanced Training in Occupational Health (NIVA, Helsinki, Finland) which ran a course subsequent to the conference (16th–19th June) on ‘Peak Exposures and Human Health’.Our institutional sponsors deserve our gratitude for their sponsorship of AIRMON 2005 and they are: the National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH), Norway, the National Institute for Working Life (NIWL), Sweden and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), USA.The next AIRMON symposium will be held at the Dr Holms Hotel, Geilo, Norway, 27th January–1st February 2008.Yngvar ThomassenNIOH, Norway Jan-Olof LevinNIWL, Sweden Martin HarperNIOSH, USA

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b516722c

出版商:RSC    

年代:2005

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Omowunmi A. SadikOmowunmi Sadik is a professor of Chemistry at State University of New York at Binghamton and the director of the Center for Advanced Sensors & Environmental Systems. She received her PhD in Chemistry from the University of Wollongong in Australia, and did her postdoctoral research at the US Environmental Protection Agency. Dr Sadik has held previous appointments at Harvard University, Cornell University and Naval Research Laboratories, Washington, DC. Sadik has over 290 scientific publications and presentations in the areas of biosensors, environmental and materials chemistry.

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b820365m

出版商:RSC    

年代:2008

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

IntroductionCarbon (C) is one of the principal elemental components of ecosystems and intimately coupled with biogeochemical cycles of other major elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen.1Primary productivity, herbivory, litterfall, plant and soil respiration, and natural and human disturbances are the primary ecosystem processes that control the global C cycle.2Soils contain approximately twice as much C (1580 Pg) as the atmosphere (750 Pg) or terrestrial vegetation (610 Pg).3Globally, the amounts of C entering soil by litterfall and leaving soil by respiration are 61.4 Pg C and 60 Pg C annually, respectively.3Primary productivity of forests cycles approximately one-twelfth of the atmospheric stock of C annually. Globally, forests and woodlands cover about 3.4 Gha (22.9%) and 1.7 Gha (11.5%) of the total land surface, respectively.4Forests account for approximately 50% (1146 Pg C) of the total terrestrial C pool, with two-thirds (787 Pg C) of this residing in forest soils and the rest (359 Pg C) in vegetation.5Local human activities modifying C pools and fluxes have the potential to alter the global C cycle and climate. The injection of 480 Pg C into the atmosphere through fossil-fuel combustion and land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes since the Industrial Revolution has disturbed the natural global cycling of C among vegetation, soil, atmosphere, and oceans.6Deforestation is one of the major LULC changes that released 2.24 Pg C per year to the atmosphere in the 1990s.7Quantification of C stocks and fluxes of forest ecosystems is of considerable interest in the context of mitigation of global climate change for the following reasons: (1) forest ecosystems store larger quantities of atmospheric CO2for a longer period of time in vegetation and soil than the other terrestrial ecosystems, (2) countries seek to comply with agreements under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change; and (3) scientists seek to account for the imbalance in the global C budget (termed as missing sink comprising up to 1.8 Pg C per year in the 1980s).8National budgets of forest C sequestration may be a practical way of monitoring reductions and increases in atmospheric CO2concentration and at the same time may contribute to sustainable biological productivity of ecosystems. However, forest C sequestration should be regarded as a component of a mitigation strategy, not as a substitute for the changes required in energy supply, use and technology if atmospheric CO2concentration is to be stabilized.Turkey (36–42°N, 26–45°E) has a land area of 779 452 km2with 20 million ha located in arid and 31 million ha located in semi-arid climatic regions. Turkey is a predominantly mountainous country, and true lowland is confined to the coastal fringes, with an average altitude of 1250 m and the highest point of 5137 m (Mount Ararat) above sea level near the Iranian border. Gently rolling, fertile plains cover Thrace and extend along the Black Sea coast of Anatolia. Along the coast of the Aegean Sea are broad, fertile river valleys. A narrow strip of fertile land lies along the Mediterranean Sea. The prevailing climate varies among the Aegean, Mediterranean, Central, East and Southeast regions of Turkey. There are two main climate belts: (1) ‘Temperate’ characterized by cold winters and warm summers with a year-round precipitation, and (2) ‘Mediterranean’ characterized by mild winters and hot and dry summers with more than 65% of the mean annual precipitation occuring in the winter. The temperature reaches a maximum of 45 °C in the south and southeast during the summer and a minimum of −40 °C in the east and central Anatolia during the winter, with a mean annual temperature of 19 °C. Annual precipitation ranges from 250 mm in the central and southeastern regions to 2500 mm in the northeastern coastal plains and mountain regions, with a mean annual precipitation of 650 mm.Rapid population growth, increased human consumption, conversion of forests to agricultural and urban-industrial lands, overgrazing, overharvesting, prevailing semi-arid conditions, poverty, economic crises, rapid urbanization-industrialization, and migration of rural populations to urban areas have had significant adverse impacts on conservation and sustainable management of forest resources, thus causing an increase in degradation and destruction of forest ecosystem productivity. Many forests are exploited by the rural population as a source of fuelwood and charcoal for their domestic needs. The percentage of total roundwood production consumed for fuel was 44% in Turkey.4About 2000 fires have occurred in Turkey in the last ten years, burning about 12 500 ha annually.9The land area of forests degraded due to overexploitation and urban-industrial expansions was estimated at 11.7 Mha.10Conversion of forest, pasture, and wetlands into agricultural lands between 1948 and 1994 has amounted to 21.5 Mha.10,11Regenerating and C sequestration capacities of forest in Turkey are restricted by soil erosion and shallow soils in that 75% of the total land area is prone to different levels of erosion, and only 14% of the total land area has a soil depth of 90 cm or more.10Sharpet al.(1975) calculated forest biomass of North Carolina in the USA, based on forest inventory data and a constant biomass expansion factor (BEF) of 2.0 t m−3.12Brown and Lugo (1984) used two different BEF values of 1.6 for closed tropical forests and 3.0 for open tropical forests.13Kauppiet al.(1992) quantified a C budget of European forests by applying a BEF range of 0.6 to 0.8.14Turneret al.(1995) estimated C budget for forests in the USA by using a constant ratio of whole-tree C to merchantable-bole C across age classes within a forest type.15In the work presented here, carbon budget for forest and woodland ecosystems in Turkey was calculated separately for coniferous and deciduous tree groups, based on UN-ECE/FAO national forest inventory data in 1996.16

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b309893a

出版商:RSC    

年代:2003

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Water. A finite resource, with exponentially increasing demands on it for drinking, for growing food, for sanitation, for manufacturing products. JEM is pleased to present its first self-initiated special issue on one of the biggest environmental challenges that faces our world—water quality and supply.Accessible freshwater supplies are less than 0.01% of the total water on the planet. While water use per capita has decreased in recent years, the global population increases that are expected to reach 9 billion people by the end of this century will put greater stress on this limited resource, and in areas that are already water-poor such as Asia. In the developing world, access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is not available to more than 2 billion people. In the developed world, water quality is stressed by nutrient and pesticide leaching from agricultural practices, urban runoff, industrial discharges, air deposition of nitrogen and toxic contaminants, and contaminants of emerging concern such as pharmaceuticals, and endocrine disrupting compounds. Thus our themed issue contains 36 articles covering a wide range of topics, from new contaminants to new technologies for treatment. The articles focus on processes affecting water quality such as factors affecting bacterial contamination in surface waters, to policy issues such as determining standards for nanomaterials in water. Studies cover water issues from China to Portugal to North America. We are especially pleased to have several important critical reviews with nuclear desalination, estrogens in municipal wastewater, long term monitoring of river water nitrate, and bismuth concentrations in surface waters, amongst other topics being reviewed in this issue.We hope you will enjoy this issue as much as we enjoyed commissioning articles and putting it together. We plan on more JEM-initiated special issues on other critical environmental challenges in the coming year. Our last issue focused on “Urban Canyons”, and a special “Emerging investigators issue” featuring the top new research talent in the environmental chemical sciences will feature in 2010.JEM is on a continued trajectory upwards in terms of its impact factor, articles submitted, and articles published. We just passed a special milestone—our 100th issue—and with it, we declared our commitment to publishing research on understanding environmental processes and the implications of emerging technologies, climate change, sustainability, land use practices, industrial development and economics. We also continue to support our traditional emphasis on new analytical techniques that help us understand these complex environmental processes. Most of all, we publish environmental science and chemistry that demonstrates environment impact.With the beginning of the new year and new decade, we look forward to another excellent year at JEM. We thank our many excellent reviewers and thank them for their timeliness—our very short times to publication are in large part to their responsiveness. We thank our authors for their high quality submissions and attentiveness to reviewers comments. Finally, we thank you, the readership, for your continued support of JEM.Professor Deborah SwackhamerChair, JEM Editorial Board

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b924224b

出版商:RSC    

年代:2009

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

William ArnoldWilliam Arnold joined the University of Minnesota in 1999 and is currently an Associate Professor. His research interests focus on the fate and transport of pollutants in aquatic systems. Specific research areas are the kinetics, pathways and mechanisms of anthropogenic chemical reactions that occur at surfaces orviaphotochemical processes and developing new contaminant remediation/containment techniques.Ulrike Bende-MichlUlrike Bende-Michl studied geography, soil and political science and received her masters degree from the Rhenish Friedrich–Wilhelms University in Bonn, Germany. She obtained her Ph.D. from the Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Science at the Friedrich–Schiller University in Jena, Germany in 2004 and worked in EU projects related to the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive. In 2006 she started working as a postdoctoral fellow at the CSIRO in Canberra, Australia. Her work concerns the detection and assessment of nutrient sources, pathways and nutrient fluxes in mesoscale catchments. Ulrike uses high temporal frequency analysis of nutrients in freshwater systems to study dominant controls of hydrologic and biogeochemical processes and the influence of land use management on nutrient delivery.Ana Cristina BritoAna Cristina Brito was born in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1983. She received her first degree in Environmental Biology from the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon in 2005 and started immediately a joint PhD project in Environmental Biology at Edinburgh Napier University (United Kingdom) and at the University of Algarve (Portugal). She received the PhD degree in 2009. Her current research interests are: eutrophication, the Water Framework Directive, ecological quality assessments, ecological modelling, shallow coastal lagoons and microphytobenthos.Tim BurtTim Burt is Professor of Physical Geography and Master of Hatfield College at Durham University. He specialises in catchment hydrology, water pollution and long-term monitoring of the natural environment.Peter CampbellPeter Campbell was born in England, in 1943. He received his PhD in physical-organic chemistry from Queen's University, Canada in 1968, and subsequently spent two years at Monash University in Australia as an NRCC postdoctoral fellow. In 1970 he joined a water research centre within the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS, part of the Université du Québec). He has spent his entire career with the INRS, interspersed with sabbatical years spent in England, France, the USA and Australia. Elected to the Royal Society of Canada in 2002, he currently holds a Canada Research Chair in Metal Ecotoxicology. His current research interests include elements of analytical chemistry (development of methods to determine metal speciation), geochemistry (identification of factors controlling metal speciation in natural waters) and ecotoxicology (relating the biological response elicited by a metal to its speciation in the external medium and its partitioning with the subcellular environment).Hefa ChengHefa Cheng is currently a consulting assistant professor of environmental engineering at Stanford University. He received his Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering with a minor in Geological and Environmental Sciences from Stanford University. His research is focused on understanding the dynamics and sustainability of natural and engineered systems and the development of strategies, technologies and policies to address critical environmental issues related to the quality of groundwater.Raquel Vasconcelos FerreiraRaquel Vasconcelos Ferreira was born in Portugal, in 1976. She received her Masters degree in Environmental Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal in 2007. Since 2007 she has been linked to CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, a Research Unit of the University of Aveiro with the status of “Associated Laboratory”, as a postgraduate researcher and fellow. Currently she continues to be linked to the above mentioned research unit, as a PhD student in Environmental Applied Sciences at the Department of Environment and Planning, inside the Integrated Watershed Management research group. Her current research interests are: water quality assessment; soil erosion and hydrological studies in recently burned forest areas; wildfire effects on soil nutrients stocks and surface-water nutrient loads.Montserrat FilellaMontserrat Filella was born in Barcelona, in 1955. She received her PhD in Chemistry from the University of Barcelona in 1986. She teaches Environmental Chemistry at the University of Geneva, where she arrived in 1987. Since 2007 she also works in the development of a society specialised in fundamental research in environmental chemistry in Luxembourg. She is a IUPAC fellow and member of a number of scientific societies. Her main research interests focus on the understanding of the physicochemical processes regulating the behaviour of chemical elements in environmental and biological compartments, mainly by combining computer modelling with field and laboratory measurements. The three main axes of her research concern the study of: colloids in natural waters, natural organic matter (quantification and interaction with trace elements) and Group 15 elements. She is also interested in other topics such as the relationship between art and chemistry and is active in science popularisation activities.Rafael J. García-VillanovaRafael J. García-Villanova was born in Spain, in 1952. He received his degrees in Chemistry (1976) and Pharmacy (1978), and his PhD in Pharmacy (1982) from the Universidad de Granada. In 1984 he joined the Universidad de Salamanca as Professor of Chemical Analysis. Currently he is Professor of Nutrition and Food Science at the Faculty of Pharmacy of the same institution. His two main research topics and expertise are: Quality of waters intended for human consumption and quality of products of the hive (honey and pollen). For more than 20 years he has been studying the factors affecting the formation and presence of disinfection by-products in the waters of Castilla y León, Spain. He is delegate for Spain and a member of the board of the Association Scientifique Européenne pour l'Eau et la Santé. As an expert in Food Safety he is co-director of the postgraduate international course “Seguridad Alimentaria. Sistema APPCC”.Christian GrieblerChristian Griebler was born in Austria, in 1970. He studied Limnology at the University of Vienna, Austria, where he received his PhD in 1998. During his PhD work at the Institute of Limnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Mondsee, Austria, he switched his focus to groundwater microbial ecology. In 2001 he joined the Centre of Applied Geosciences at the University of Tuebingen, Germany. In 2004 he moved to the National Research Centre of Environmental Health (former GSF) in Munich, Germany, to become an independent group leader at the Institute of Groundwater Ecology. His current research interests are: (1) Biodegradation of organic contaminants, (2) Impact of thermal changes (geothermy), (3) Fate of pathogenic viruses in aquifers. Recently, the development of an ecologically sound assessment scheme for groundwater ecosystems became a serious research focus. Christian Griebler is lecturer for at the Technical University in Munich and at the University of Vienna.Alan HowardAlan Howard was born in London, within the sound of Bow Bells. After obtaining a BSc in Chemistry (1972) and an MSc in Advanced Analytical Chemistry (1973) from the University of Bristol, he then carried out research into the mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of heavy metals in shellfish. He was awarded a PhD from the University of Bristol for that work in 1976. Following a short period of postdoctoral work, he moved to the University of Southampton as a temporary lecturer and after a number of job titles, is currently a Senior Lecturer in analytical and environmental chemistry in the School of Chemistry. His main research interests are currently in the analytical applications of nanoparticles, trace analysis and the speciation and behaviour of contaminants in the aquatic environment.Arvo IitalArvo Iital is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Environmental Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology. He has 15 years of experience in the monitoring and assessment of surface water quality, assessment of environmental state, eutrophication of inland and coastal waters and environmental policy. Since 1994, he has been involved in many national and international projects in Europe and in Asia.Hafizan JuahirHafizan Juahir was born in Malaysia, in 1971. He received his PhD in Environmetrics/Chemometrics and Artificial Intelligence for pollution control from University of Malaya, Malaysia in 2008. In 1997–1998 he joined Zuellig Chemicals (M) Sdn. Bhd. as an immediate QA/QC Chemist. In 2004 to 2005 he joined Spatialworks Sdn. Bhd. as immediate Plant Manager. Since 2005 he has been academic officer at Putra University, Malaysia. His current research interests are: (i) water quality data analysis and modelling, (ii) water pollution risk assessment and (iii) waste water treatment using biological control agrobase media.Simon JuddSimon Judd has been at the Centre for Water Science at Cranfield University since 1992, and has managed most of the membrane bioreactor programmes conducted within the Centre. He has authored/co-authored over 50 papers and three reference books on membrane technology, and contributed keynotes, conducted consultancy and delivered short courses in MBR technology globally.Ibrahim KhamisIbrahim Khamis earned his MSc in 1986 and his PhD in 1988 in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. Since 2006, he has been the Project Manager for nonelectric applications of nuclear energy at the Nuclear Power Technology Development Section, Division of Nuclear Power, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). His duties involve nuclear desalination, hydrogen production, district heating and other industrial applications of nuclear energy. He is the author or co-author of more than 70 research publications and conference presentations. His main interests are reactor physics, design and simulation, and nonelectric applications of nuclear energy.Dorothea Marzena KujawinskiDorothea Marzena Kujawinski was born in Poland, in 1984. She received her MSc in Water Science from University Duisburg-Essen, Germany, in 2008 as well as her BSc in the same subject in 2006. In 2009 she started her PhD thesis in the group of Prof. Dr Torsten C. Schmidt at University Duisburg-Essen. Her current research interests are temperature-modulated chromatographic separation techniques for the hyphenation of liquid chromatography to isotope ratio mass spectrometry for environmental and food science.Angela Yu-Chen LinAngela Yu-Chen Lin was born in Taiwan, in 1976. She received her PhD in Environmental Engineering from Stanford University, USA in 2005. She then joined Kennedy/Jenks Consultants as immediate engineer. Since August 2006 she has been Assistant Professor at the Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering in National Taiwan University. Her current research interests are: occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants in aqueous environments, solar photodegradation of pharmaceuticals, occurrence and engineering fate/treatment of perfluorinated chemicals (i.e.PFOA, PFOS), natural attenuation of trace organics, water reuse.Lu LiuLu Liu received his PhD from Nankai University in 2001, and he moved to Tongji University to carry out postdoctoral research in collaboration with Prof. Qingsheng Wu. At present, he works at the College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, and has obtained the position of professor. His current interests include synthesis of nanomaterials for applications in catalysis, Li batteries.André P. MaïsseuAndré P. Maïsseu was born in Paris, France in 1942 and is a Swiss citizen. He is an Engineer and a graduate of Institut des Sciences de la Matière et du Rayonnement (ISMRA), Caen, France, 1966, and of the Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires (INSTN), Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires, Saclay, France, 1967. He is a Docteur d'Etat es Sciences-Physiques (University of Caen, 1971) and Docteur es Sciences Economiques et de Sciences de Gestion (University of Caen, 1976). He worked in the French nuclear industry for 30 years (CEA, then AREVA). He was nominated Professeur des Universités in 1988 (IAE, University of Paris 1 ‘Pantheon—La Sorbonne’). He was a Visiting Professor at the University of Wisconsin (1992), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (1993), and University of South Western Louisiana (1994). Professor Maïsseu is the founding President of the World Council of Nuclear Workers (WONUC) and Atoms for Peace. He is the Editor-in-chief of the Interscience Nuclear Collection, has published several scientific books, about two hundred scientific articles and one novel. His current scientific interests are nuclear peaceful applications (production of electricity, desalination, production of hydrogen), mathematics (prime number, fuzzy logic), thermodynamics (Prigogine theory, negentropy), Gestaleconomy.Anthony MartinAnthony Martin was born in Australia in 1976 and is due to complete his PhD on Harvested Water Quality from the University of Newcastle, Australia in 2009. Anthony first joined the University of Newcastle in 1997 to develop methods for the identification of bacteria in pathology, and field samples. His research interests include: harvested rainwater quality and management, water microbiology, rainwater reuse and the detection of waterborne pathogens.Iago López MartínezIago López Martínez was born in Spain, in 1977. He obtained his degree in Chemistry at the University of Balearic Islands and is currently studying on the doctorate program of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering at the Hydraulics Institute of Cantabria (University of Cantabria), Spain. He is currently working in the Submarine Outfall & Environmental Hydraulics Group of the Hydraulics Institute of Cantabria (IH Cantabria). His current research interests are: water pollution, water quality, monitoring and quality programs design, and environmental risk assessment.Linda MayLinda May is a freshwater ecologist at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Her research interests include the sources and fates of plant nutrients within the freshwater environment, especially their impacts on ecological water quality. A particular focus of her work is the application of science-based decision making to the restoration of nutrient enriched lakes.Phil MonbetPhil Monbet was born in France in 1974. He received his PhD in Marine and Analytical Chemistry from University of Western Brittany (France) in 2001. After several postdoctoral positions in Australia at the Australian Institute for Marine Science (AIMS, Townsville) and the Water Studies Centre (Monash University, Melbourne), Dr Monbet is currently a Visiting Research Fellow in the Biogeochemistry & Environmental Analytical Chemistry research group (BEACh) at the University of Plymouth and also works for the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER, France) as a consultant for water quality and monitoring.Alice NewtonAlice Newton was educated in France, Belgium, Portugal and the UK. Her university degrees area BSc in Marine Biology and Oceanography, an MSc in Biological Oceanography and a PhD in Chemical Oceanography conferred by the University of Wales, Bangor, UK. Alice coordinates the ERASMUS MUNDUS Joint Master in Water and Coastal Management at the University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal and is the current Chairperson of LOICZ (Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone), a core project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme and the International Human Dimensions Programme at NILU, the Norwegian Institute for Air Research. Alice's research interests include eutrophication, both “natural” in upwelling zones and “anthropogenic” in coastal and transition waters.Murage NgatiaMurage Ngatia received his BSc from the University of Nairobi in 1978. Thereafter he worked as a resource ecologist conducting aerial surveys for the Department of Range Management. He obtained an MSc in Range Science (Remote Sensing and Spectral Analysis) from the University of California at Davis (USA) in 1986. He then worked as a private consultant in range management water quality. In 1994 he joined the California Department of Water Resources as an Environmental Scientist in Quality Assurance/Quality Control program. He is the author of the Department's quality assurance management for environmental monitoring programs. His current research interests are: spectral analyses of fluorescence signatures to fingerprint sources and quality of organic carbon in aquatic environment; formation of disinfection by-products (trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids) in drinking water.Paige NovakPaige Novak was born in the United States, in 1970. She received her PhD in Environmental Engineering from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States in 1997. She joined the University of Minnesota as an assistant professor in 1997. Currently, she is an associate professor in Civil Engineering. Her current research interests are: microbial dechlorination, the fate of estrogenic contaminants in wastewater systems, and water quality monitoring.Benjamin PackardBenjamin Packard was born in the United States, in 1972. He received his BA in biology from the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, in 1995, and is currently finishing a Masters in Environmental Science at the University of Cincinnati. He is currently a biologist with the Environmental Protection Agencies National Homeland Security Research Center in Cincinnati, OH.Bingcai PanBingcai Pan was born in China in 1976. He received his PhD in environmental engineering from Nanjing University (China) in 2003, and then he joined the Department of Environmental Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University as immediate assistant professor. Now he is a professor of environmental engineering and the dean of the Department of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing University. His current research interests are: design and fabrication of novel materials for water purification, physiochemical treatment of industrial wastewater.LeeAnn RaczLeeAnn Racz is currently an Environmental Engineering PhD candidate at the University of Utah working under Dr Ramesh Goel. She is also an active duty Air Force officer with a position as a Bioenvironmental Engineer, and has been stationed in New Mexico, South Korea, Colorado, Texas and Utah. She holds a professional engineer license and is currently studying nitrifying biomass and estrogens in wastewater.Andrea SchäferAndrea Schäfer was born in Germany. She received her PhD in Natural Organics Removal using Membranes from The University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia in 2000 where she was appointed as a lecturer before moving to the University of Wollongong as a senior lecturer in 2002. In 2006 she joined the University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom as the Chair of Environmental Engineering. Her current research interests are micropollutant–organic matter interactions, micropollutant removal using membrane technology, nanoparticle sorption, water recycling and desalination, remote community renewable energy powered water supply systems, water in international development, total water cycle management and persistent organic pollutants—all driven by the desire to make a difference to the planet in terms of social equity and sustainability.William ShotykWilliam Shotyk was born in the Village of Swansea, now part of the City of Toronto, in Ontario, Canada. He received his B.Sc. (Agr.) in Soil Science and Chemistry from the University of Guelph in 1981 and a Ph.D. in Geology from the University of Western Ontario in 1987. Following postdoctoral research at the University of California, Riverside and UWO, he worked at the University of Berne in Switzerland where he completed a Habilitation in Geochemistry, in 1995. After 12 years at the University of Berne, he became Professor at the University of Heidelberg and Director of the Institute of Environmental Geochemistry, in October of 2000. His research group is responsible for Inorganic Environmental Geochemistry, with state-of-the-art metal-free clean lab facilities and sector-field ICP-MS for measuring trace elements and Pb isotope ratios at extremely low concentrations. The main research areas are human impacts on the geochemical cycles of potentially toxic trace elements such as Pb, Sb, As, Cd and Hg, including archives of atmospheric change (ombrotrophic peat bogs and polar ice cores), fate in soils and sediments, and impacts on natural freshwaters. A member of the American Chemical Society, American Geophysical Union, and the Geochemical Society, he has published more than 170 articles, including 130 in refereed journals, as well as in conference proceedings, books, and newspapers. William Shotyk founded the Elmvale Foundation in 2007 (www.elmvale.org), a registered charity for environmental science education, and is the President and CEO.Jeremy SofoniaJeremy Sofonia was born in Columbus, Ohio (USA) in 1977. He received his BSc in Environmental Science from the University of Florida in 1999 and MSc in Marine Biology from James Cook University, Australia in 2007. Currently a Principal Marine Scientist with GHD Pty Ltd, Jeremy has over ten years academic and professional experience on a wide variety of marine and terrestrial projects throughout Australia, North and Central America, the Caribbean and Middle East. His current work focuses on port expansion and other coastal development projects that have potential to alter the biophysical character of the local marine environment. Research interests include the development of methods to detect sub-lethal stress and provide meaningful impact thresholds for benthic primary producers. Jeremy is working to improve the tools and approaches used in today's environmental risk analysis and feedback monitoring programs to assist coastal zone managers in the determination of appropriate management action.Ondra SracekOndra Sracek was born in the Czech Republic, in 1958. He received his PhD in environmental geochemistry from Universite Laval in Quebec, Canada in 1997. Until 2007 he worked at Masaryk University in Brno, Czech Republic. Currently he is Associate Professor of hydrogeology and environmental geochemistry at Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic and also works as consultant for OPV s.r.o. company in Prague, Czech Republic. He also teaches at several universities in Latin America including university PUC in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and university UNAM in Mexico City, Mexico. He is a member of the Groundwater Arsenic Research Group (GARG) at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. His current research interests are: arsenic behavior, acid mine drainage, and modeling of reactive transport.Fotini E. StamatiFotini E. Stamati was born in Greece, in 1981. She received her diploma and MS degree in Environmental Engineering from the Technical University of Crete, Greece, in 2004 and 2006, respectively. She has been working as a researcher at the Hydrogeochemical Engineering and Remediation of Soils Laboratory (www.herslab.tuc.gr) since 2003. She is involved in many EU programs, such as tempQsim, LIFE-NATURA-04 MedPonds, Life-Environment-05 EnviFriendly, and SoilCritZone. Currently, she is a PhD candidate, working in the field of soil organic matter and nutrient cycling in the soil-water-plant interface. She was a visiting scholar in the University of Iowa for the period November 2008 to May 2009, working under Prof. Jerald P. Schnoor. Her current research interests are: hydrologic and nutrient watershed modelling, watershed measurements for the attenuation of pollutants, soil biochemical quality, soil organic matter decline, and modelling of life cycle of soils in the critical zone framework.Kelly TwomeyKelly Twomey was born in Washington D.C. in 1985. She received her Bachelor of Science in Bioengineering from The Pennsylvania State University in 2007 and is currently pursuing an MS and PhD at the University of Texas at Austin in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. A recipient of a National Science Foundation fellowship, Ms Twomey conducts research within the Webber Energy Group under the supervision of Dr Michael Webber, whose focus is to analyze energy problems at the intersection of science, engineering, and public policy. Her research interests include the nexus of energy, food and water.Annemarie van WezelAnnemarie van Wezel (MSc Biology, PhD environmental chemistry and toxicology) has 15 years of experience as scientific researcher in toxicology and chemistry, risk assessment, cost-benefit analysis and in environmental policy evaluation. She has published over 25 papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals, and over 20 reports in the context of (environmental) policy. She is experienced in working close to the political process and in interaction with the press. She has over 10 years experience in managing complex interdisciplinary research projects, and 3 years of experience in management of research groups. She currently leads a research group on chemical water quality and health at the KWR Watercycle Research Institute, at Nieuwegein in the Netherlands.Nick VoulvoulisNick Voulvoulis is a Reader in Environmental Technology at Imperial College London and the Director of Imperial's renowned MSc course in Environmental Technology, with more than 130 students graduating every year. His research focuses in the area of environmental assessment and municipal solid waste and wastewater management, with some of his research activities on the development and application of decision-making tools such as multicriteria analysis, risk management and sustainability assessment. He was born in Greece where he completed his undergraduate studies (first class BSc (Hons) in Environmental Sciences), coming to the UK in 1997 in order to study for the same MSc course he is now the Director of. He was awarded a PhD in Water Technology in 2000, when he was also appointed as a Lecturer in Water Management. He was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 2005 and became a Reader in 2008 now leading research in environmental quality management.Eddy ZengEddy Zeng was born in Guangzhou, China in 1960. He received his Ph.D. degree in chemical physics from the Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, USA in 1992. He joined the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project in June 1992 as a senior scientist and chemistry laboratory manager, and was promoted to the position of Principal Scientist two years later. Eddy Zeng has been a professor with the Guangzhou Institute of geochemistry since 2004 and became the director of the State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry in 2006. His current research interests include the assessment of geochemical processes and fluxes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) among environmental compartments, bioaccumulation and bioavailability of persistent halogenated compounds, and development of novel passive sampling techniques in monitoring of POPs in aquatic environments.

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b923904a

出版商:RSC    

年代:2009

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

IntroductionDifferent pollution sources that have been topics of recent interest include improper waste dumping, incidental accumulation, agricultural chemicals, abandoned industrial activities and atmospheric fallout, among the most cited.1In particular, for mining and industrial abandoned sites, prior to evaluating the recovery of the polluted area, an evaluation of the extent and distribution of contamination is required in order to identify the area to be treated and the type of treatment that should be considered based upon the observed pollution trends. In these sources, heavy metals, HMs, frequently are the main pollutants and their mobilization due to weathering of solid inorganic materials under exogenic conditions is favoured, leading to environmental chemical pollution.For risk assessment purposes, the HMs mobility and their related availability is of a primal importance since toxicity is directly related to such characteristics.2Moreover, as is well known, pseudototal HMs content does not provide real information on available amounts of HMs and it represents the worst possible situation, overestimating the real hazard. Consequently, there is a need for a methodology able to provide information about reactivity or mobility of pollutants. In this sense, sequential extraction schemes (SES), became a commonly used evaluative and informative tool by providing details on the distribution or partitioning of HMs in soils and sediments, which is directly related to the prediction of their mobility.1This methodology is based on the process known as fractionation,3where a sequential series of selective extractant reagents with an increasing extractant power is employed. The goal of this procedure is to selectively dissolve or solubilise the different solid phases or mineralogical fractions.4–6By this methodology, knowledge of how HMs partition among the various geochemical phases is obtained. Such knowledge allows for a better insight into the mechanisms of HMs retention and release involved in the process of migration and decontamination, thus providing an evaluation of availability, mobility or persistence.Two decades ago, Tessier proposed a five-step SES, which is still widely used,7often with modifications in order to fit better to the target sample.8,9SES have been widely used to assess the mobile fraction of different HMs of environmental impact and to evaluate the HMs distribution between the different phases of a variety of samples such as industrially contaminated soils,10–19river sediments,20–25sewage sludge,26–30etc. The wide variety of SES and the related lack of comparability between results, led to the harmonisation of SES under the auspices of the former Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), now Standards Measurements and Testing (SM&T), producing a certified reference material for a three-step SES.31–33The main drawbacks of SES have been identified as readsorption and redistribution of metals.34–37Also, SES applications have been mostly limited to low contamination sites. However, SES are still very useful to identify trace element partitioning into the various solid phases of soil and to determine labile fractions of trace elements in a verifiable manner. On the other hand, SES data can provide additional valuable knowledge by a proper exploratory data analysis of the experimental information. For instance, a systematic correlation of the different fractionation data, normally absent, would help the process characterization of a particular contaminated area.Taking into account the mentioned limitations, the present study has been addressed to reveal the potential of SES application to a highly polluted site in overcoming the indicated boundaries. In this context, the present investigation is concerned with the fractionation of the HMs As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in soils of a ditch network system designed to confine, control and monitor flows of water at a former abandoned mining area at Salsigne (France). Although As has not been considered in the SM&T-SES reference materials and applications (except in a recent work),38we have analysed the As content in the different fractions because it is the main toxic contaminant of the target soils. We are aware of the limitations of such results on As for a possible contribution to risk evaluation due to its particular chemical behaviour as an oxoanion. In this sense, values can be taken as the minimum mobility of this element under the given conditions. Furthermore, to best characterize the polluted site, a correlation of sample content was carried out by multivariate statistical analysis of SES data including latent factors responsible for the data set structure and apportioning of pollutant sources. A comparison of the obtained data with current regulation limits has been carried out and can be of use for risk assessment purposes.

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b411316k

出版商:RSC    

年代:2004

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Mary-Lou Tercier-Waeber, B.Sc, is currently Senior Researcher in the Analytical and Biophysical Environmental Chemistry (CABE) group at the University of Geneva (Switzerland). For the past 20 years, her work has focused on the development of new voltammetric sensors, mini/micro-integrated analytical systems, submersible probes and analytical techniques, and the application of these tools in laboratory, in-field andin situto study priority trace metal complexation, speciation and biogeochemical cycles to better understand the circulation, role and impact of trace metals in aquatic ecosystems. She has over 40 publications in international peer reviewed journals in Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, 3 invited book chapters, and 1 patent.

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b714439n

出版商:RSC    

年代:2007

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

IntroductionComposting has become increasingly important for solid waste disposal, because it provides an efficient and environment friendly method to reduce the volume of waste. The composting process also can detoxify harmful organic substances and pathogens, and provides a material of agricultural importance.1,2Recently however, there have been concerns over its safe application in the ecosystem due to the introduction of industrial or municipal solid waste (MSW) to composting waste, which may increase its heavy metal content. When measuring the element content in compost, the quantification of the chemical forms is essential for estimating the mobility and bioavailability of the elements in the composts. Various sequential extraction protocols had been proposed and utilized to allow fractionation of the elements into operationally defined geochemical phases for the analysis of soils and sediments.3,4More recently, these procedures have been applied to compost.5–8It has also been shown that this time-consuming process can be speeded up substantially if an ultrasonically accelerated version of sequential extraction is utilized.9Using this rapid method it was found that elements such as Zn, Mn and As had a high potential mobility in compost, whereas other elements such as Pb, Cu, Fe, and Cr exist mainly in immobilized forms. This approach to measuring elemental mobility has however been criticized for various reasons. The first step of the procedure often involves extraction with 0.1 mol l−1acetic acid which is a relatively strong extractant and as it removes all the water-, acid soluble and exchangeable forms together it cannot give information about the current mobility as opposed to the potential mobility of the sample.10Another major criticism is that the extraction schemes are performed under pseudo-equilibrium conditions and therefore the information on the availability of the element is only based on thermodynamic considerations.11The leaching property of a waste material is an important criterion for the management of waste. Many leaching tests are developed as standard methods for evaluating the potential impacts of waste material on the environment.12For example, the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States have developed a toxicity characterization leaching procedure (TCLP) which is frequently used to evaluate the mobility of both organic and inorganic components present in contaminated soil and other waste materials.13,14Leaching experiments can also be used as a complementary tool to assess the mobility of heavy metals and metalloids in compost. With leaching procedures, the experiments can be carried out so as to mimic various natural scenarios such as rainfall giving more realistic information about the element mobility.10,15Leaching experiments are also useful for the evaluation of possible clean-up techniques for compost as changes in environment conditions may lead to the risk of heavy metals being released to the environment.15Compost may therefore have to be cleaned up before application to land or even before the composting process has been carried out.7One way to clean up the compost is to use a flushing technique with leaching reagents. This approach has been more frequently investigated for cleaning heavy metal contaminated soil.16–18Further kinetic information can be obtained from leaching experiments by recording the amount of leached elementversusleaching time for a given reagent. Several authors consider this approach is more likely to give a more real distribution of elemental species as found in the natural environment.19,20By applying a non-linear regression model, the leached species can be categorized into two types,i.e.those which are easily extracted (labile species) and those which are extracted more slowly (non-labile species).20,21There is no report of such kinetic speciation methods having been applied to compost samples.Finally a retention experiment was carried out to assess the ability of compost to adsorb microelements in water. The aim of this experiment was to see if the application of compost in remediation technologies could be expanded to cleaning up water contaminated with heavy metals.

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b310840f

出版商:RSC    

年代:2003

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

IntroductionSubtilisin-like protease enzymes are mass-produced and used widely in the detergent and food industries and are also used in animal feeds and leather processing. Care has to be taken in handling the raw material as it is a potential respiratory sensitising agent.1–3Due this potential risk a maximum exposure limit (MEL) of 40 ng m−3has been set.4This requires the employer to reduce exposure to a concentration that is as low as is reasonably practicable and below the MEL.5Due to the low concentrations involved, routine sampling of industrial air is usually performed with static samplers fitted with filters, such as Galley samplers, and high volume sampling at 600 l min−1or above is used. Alternatively the exposure of individual workers may be assessed using personal sampling systems attached to the clothing of the worker near their face.5These are again based on filtration but with low volume sampling at about 2 l min−1.Both approaches are limited in two respects. Firstly following sampling the filter is removed subjected to extraction and the enzyme concentration in the extract determined. Thus results are obtained hours or days after the sampling is performed. Secondly the results give a time-averaged picture of the airborne levels. This can be less than the MEL even if the MEL is exceeded transiently during an activity within the factory. It is thought that such short-term exposure could be a contributory factor in workplace sensitisation. Hence what is need is a system that can obtain airborne levels in near real-time over an extended monitoring period such as an 8 h shift.This paper describes our approach to achieving this objective. It combines a high volume air sampler based on a cyclone design with a flow injection system employing a bioreactor containing a fluorescent substrate specific for the proteolytic enzyme. Details of the design and working of the cyclone sampler are given as are the details of the mathematical model used to transform the fluorescence signals from the fluorescence immunoassay (FIA) system into airborne concentrations of enzyme. The FIA-bioreactor system was developed from two bioreactor systems for protease enzymes described previously that were based on fluorescein-labelled porcine thyroglobulin immobilised onto glass beads6or fluorescein-labelled bovine serum albumin immobilised onto a cellulose support.7In this paper we describe the development of a new substrate based on gelatin labelled with Texas Red® immobilized on cellulose and its use in a heated bioreactor attached to a fully automated flow injection analysis system. The new analytical system also employs a compact and relatively inexpensive fluorescence detection system. The combined sampling and analysis system has been positioned on a trolley and taken to two sites where proteolytic enzymes are used. The development of the analytical system and the performance of the combined system, both within the laboratory and within the factories, are described.

ISSN:1464-0325    

DOI:10.1039/b615201p

出版商:RSC    

年代:2006

数据来源: RSC