ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb07715.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb07716.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTResearch has had profound beneficial effects on all spheres of human endeavor, yet research values, benefits, risks, and priorities have become the subject of concern, characterized by vehement expressions of opinion and a paucity of systematic scientific study. For a variety of reasons, there is a need to develop better ways to assess the potential value to society of projects that are proposed, and to identify and describe their potential benefits in a practical, comprehensive, and convincing way. An understanding of social values and of attitudes to different types of research is essential. Systematic study is preferable to unresearched commentary and it seems prudent to address these issues in a scientific and constructive manner. Description and assessment of potential benefits to society may be a formidable task but it is not impossible.

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb07717.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe determination of an appropriate level of support for research has led to hard questions about the value of research and to realization that assessment of research value must be based on careful evaluation of a wider range of social benefits and costs than has hitherto been customary. Defining and measuring social aims poses a number of difficult but not insoluble problems. We also need to think more scientifically about the values we place on different types of knowledge‐how these enter into decision making and how they affect communication with non‐scientists and the transition between research and practice. A dose of humility and compromise is in or

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb07718.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT‐The values and value judgements of individual scientists, of the institution to which they belong and of society at large are heavily involved in political and administrative issues related to research. It would be desirable to devise a system that might reconcile the goals and values of the various components of society, rather than set them against each other in adversary stance. Assessment of the various benefits to society of a particular research activity would spell out the values of those involved, show how they differ, and could lead to a productive discussion of the differences. Scientists are in partnership with the public: the development and use of knowledge are their joint responsibility. Optimal allocation of research resources for the common good requires that scientists rise above personal and institutional self interest and take a broader perspective in promoting research in other than their own discipline; and that relevant information on external social merit and moral and ethical values should be sought from whoever can supply it, professional or layman; and that contradictory values must be accepted ‐ and examined scientifically ‐ as a fact of

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb07719.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe uncertainties surrounding research, and the way such uncertainties and other characteristics of the research process complicate research cost benefit analysis, are discussed. Issues such as measurement of research costs, adverse research effects, benefits of research (political and otherwise) and the dimensions of research social costs, benefits and utility are examined. Aspects of the theory and practice of this type of analysis are considered, including assessment of the risk associated with conducting, or not conducting, any particular type of research and evaluation of its non‐measurable aspect

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb07720.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThere is a substantial economic literature on the allocation of R&D resorces. This paper reviews the relevant parts of this literature, paying particular attention to those studies which have estimated the social value of research. An important issue is whther government should allocate research resources, since the market may be able to do so; the potential reasons for market failure are reviewed, together with the case for government intervention in the market for research. Finally, the contribution which economic concepts can make to the decision making process is reviewed.

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb07721.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe potential social values and benefits of sxi widely different research projects were described systematically, using a checklist and description form that addressed 10 different general aims of research and 47 subcategories (items) of benefit.The checklists and descriptions were given to 280 persons at nine centers in five countries as the information base for making scaled judgements of the projects’ potential value to society, overall and along each of the 10 major dimensions and 47 items. For this purpose, 100‐point Likert‐type scales were used. The raters also used a constrained allocation procedure to indicate what proportion of the public funds available for research they would allocate for research (not service) in each of the 10 main areas. The primary focus was on developing and testing the instruments and taking a preliminary look at differences in value systems. We emphatically didnotenvisage a sur‐vey of public opnionnora definitive statement as to the values that are held by any particular segment of society. Such studies would, in the absence of preliminary trials, be pr

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb07722.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe rater group for the study of research values and benefits comprised 280 persons from nine centers in fice countries: 73% were from Europe, 27% from North America. Compared to the general population, there was a greater proportion of persons with a higher education; of health care and other professionals; of persons with research background; and of persons involved in political and media activities. The group inducluded a respectable spread of the various kinds of persons whose opinions might be considered relevant in considering the social value of re‐search projects.Such a group is appropriate for the modest purposes of a preliminary study to test a methodology; to obtain information of the variation in opinion and on statistical and methodological problems that might be encountered; to suggest hypotheses; and to draw attention to the need for scientific study of research values and benefits. It does not represent the general population as a whole, not will it support definitive statements about differences between groups or countries on or about research pri‐orit

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb07723.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEvaluations by 258 participants of the system for making judgements of research values and benefits were largely positive in tone but with a substantial diversity of opinion. The task was, in general, perceived as desirable and only noderately difficult: the main improvement needed according to the respondents was to describe the research and its potential benefits in simpler languate, free from research and academic jargon.

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb07724.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY