ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00816.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The contribution of metrical, karyological and biochemical techniques towards taxonomic understanding is considered with respect to (1) the delimitation of species; (2) the classification of species at generic level; and (3) subspecific variation. All these techniques are useful for the discrimination of sibling species, with metrical discriminants especially important in helping to establish the geographical limits of species, being applicable to museum collections and to fossil material. In classification at the generic level multivariate morphometric analysis is of very limited value, but karyology and allozyme studies can make important contributions provided the majority of relevant species are examined. All techniques are relevant to establishing the major aspects of subspecific variation, for which formal subspecific nomenclature is rarely appropriate. Problems of extrapolation from inadequate samples are just as acute when using these techniques as with more traditional taxonomy based on morphology. Clear presentation of results in the form of data matrices and dendrograms is important in facilitating the integration of data into a useful taxonomic system.

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00817.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A palaeontological and archaeozoological survey has allowed us to establish the different steps in the colonization of western Eurasia and northern Africa by the house mouseMus musculus. After successive immigration waves of the genusMusinto this zone from the late Pliocene to the upper Pleistocene, the house mouse appeared and remained confined to the easternmost Mediterranean Basin at the uppermost Pleistocene. The first progression of this species into the Mediterranean Basin occurred in the Middle East from the Epipaleolithic to the Neolithic. Subsequently, this species was found in the western Mediterranean Basin during the Bronze Age and in north‐west Europe during the Iron Age. In comparison to this latter zone, north central Europe was colonized relatively early, from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age which may, in fact, not only correspond to a much earlier invasion of Europe byM. musculus musculusbut also suggest that the distribution of this subspecies extended much further west than it does nowadays, at a time whenM. musculus domesticuswas restricted to the Mediterranean zone. This archaeological survey is in agreement with genetic data which provide indications as to the speed, steps and pathways of progression of house mouse populations in western Eurasi

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00818.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Geographic patterns of genie differentiation were investigated in the commensal house mouse subspecies,M. m. domesticus. The analysis by protein electrophoresis of 40 populations throughout Europe, the Middle East and North Africa indicated that genie differentiation was not highly structured on a macrogeographic scale. Mean genie distances between regions showed, however, that populations fell into three levels of differentiation: a low level in southern Europe within which interregional distances were no larger than intraregional ones, an intermediate level between southern European populations and North European and African ones, and finally, a higher level between all the latter and the Middle Eastern populations.Gene flow estimates indicated that the homogeneity of southern European populations does not result from present high levels of gene flow, but more likely from a very recent ancestry. These data when argumented with the fossil records of mice from the Mediterranean Basin suggest a two‐step colonization process, the most recent of which occurred very rapidly and resulted in the multiple founding of populations in southern Europe. The relationship ofM. m. domesticusto other subspecies of mice is discussed in relation to introgression and taxonomy.Microdifferentiation patterns with low levels of within population substructuring and of gene flow suggest that genie differentiation in the western European house mouse is largely determined by genetic drift and/or founder effects. Although historical factors are determinant in the large scale patterns of genie variation in commensal house mice, dispersal by man no longer seems to be a prominent feature moulding the genetic structure ofM. m. domesticu

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00819.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Univariate and multivariate analyses have been performed on skull and mandible measurements for the five biochemically defined groups of the genusMusin Europe. Four of these taxa occur in Bulgaria; other samples came from France and Israel. This extensive biometrical analysis has allowed us to establish diagnostic keys for these taxa.

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00820.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Protein electrophoresis at 24 loci was used to characterize house mice from 56 localities in the U.S.S.R., concentrating on samples from Moldavia to Primorye (extreme south‐east of the U.S.S.R.).Mus‐2A is the most widespread form, extending over the European part of the U.S.S.R., Middle Asia and Siberia as far east as the Pacific Ocean. In Moldavia the group is sympatric withMus‐iB. It is found withMus‐4A in Transcaucasus, where it may hybridize withMus‐1. In PrimoryeMus‐2A andM. raddeihave a wide zone of hybridization

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00821.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper, we present data on murid rodents obtained by three major techniques used in biochemical systematics today: protein electrophoresis, scnDNA hybridization and mtDNA RFLP. The data have been analysed by both phenetic and cladistic methods and results of the three techniques were compared with one another. Four clear major levels of divergence (or nodes) can be recognized by all methods. Node 1 groups four subspecies ofM. musculus(domesticus,bactrianus,castaneusandmusculus). Node 2 groups four species:M. musculus,M. spretus,M. spicilegusandM. spretoides. Node 3 groups the stem of node 2 and three strictly Oriental species (M.caroli,M. ceruicolorandM. cookii) Node 4 groups the previous lineages with OrientalPyromysandCoelomysand the EthiopianNannomys. However, the relationships within each level cannot be resolved without ambiguity. We argue that this is not due to the resolutive power of our methods, but to a biological reality, that is successive adaptive radiations marked by quasi‐simultaneous speciation events linked with geographical colonization. Our estimation of divergence time between different taxa showed that the genusMusis very young. The youngest 'bona fide' species are 1.1 Myr old, or even less than 0.3 Myr if one takes into consideration the two sibling speciesM. spicilegusandM. spretoides. It appears that mtDNA evolves three to six times faster than scnDNA. The zoogeographical history of the genus can he reconstructed as a series of adaptative radiations leading to the present day distribution of the Palaearctic, Oriental, and Ethiopian groups of tax

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00822.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper, we present data on murid rodents obtained by three major techniques used in biochemical systematics today: protein electrophoresis, scnDNA hybridization and mtDNA RFLP. The data have been analysed by both phenetic and cladistic methods and results of the three techniques were compared with one another. Four clear major levels of divergence (or nodes) can be recognized by all methods. Node 1 groups four subspecies ofM. musculus(domesticus, bactrianus, castaneusandmusculus). Node 2 groups four species:M. musculus, M. spretus, M. spicilegusandM. spretoides. Node 3 groups the stem of node 2 and three strictly Oriental species (M. caroli, M. cervicolorandM. cookii) Node 4 groups the previous lineages with OrientalPyromysandCoelomysand the EthiopianNannomys. However, the relationships within each level cannot be resolved without ambiguity. We argue that this is not due to the resolutive power of our methods, but to a biological reality, that is successive adaptive radiations marked by quasi‐simultaneous speciation events linked with geographical colonization. Our estimation of divergence time between different taxa showed that the genusMusis very young. The youngest ‘bona fide’ species are 1.1 Myr old, or even less than 0.3 Myr if one takes into consideration the two sibling speciesM. spicilegusandM. spretoides. It appears that mtDNA evolves three to six times faster than scnDNA. The zoogeographical history of the genus can be reconstructed as a séries of adaptative radiations leading to the present day distribution of the Palaearctic, Oriental, and Ethiopian groups o

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00823.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article summarizes knowledge of house mouse diversity based on restriction analysis of mtDNA from 202 individuals representing 83 localities in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and the Americas. It begins by describing the variation among 34 newly collected European mice and relating the 15 new types of mtDNA found in them to the 37 types known from previous work. None of the new types represent deep new branches in the tree. Moreover, the order of branching in the tree reinforces the view that mice north of the Alps have southern origins. Two possible time scales are under consideration for the process of colonization of north‐western Europe. According to one hypothesis, which assumes that the mtDNA clock in mice ticks at the standard mammalian rate, commensal mice colonized Europe north of the Alps roughly 30 000–70 000 years ago, perhaps in concert with the spread of anatomically modernHomo sapiens. Another hypothesis, which requires accelerated mtDNA evolution in mice, would have the colonization take place 5000–6000 years ago, or even more recently, following the spread of agriculture. The study also shows that mtDNAs closely resembling thoseM. domesticusmtDNAs that introgressed into the Danish and Swedish populations ofM. musculusare widespread inM. domesticuspopulations of the region near the hybrid zone between these two species in Ge

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00824.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four major groups ofMus musculussubspecies are analysed from the genetical view point. A number of genetic traits exhibited polymorphism. Most were common amongdomesticus, bactrianusandcastaneussubspecies, while others weremusculussubspecies‐specific. This suggests that the earliest differentiation was betweendomesticusandmusculus. Mouse class I MHC was compared in these two lines. Immunological and molecular analyses of H‐2K molecules indicated that these two groups of mouse have several common haplotypes of class I molecules. Phenotype frequencies of these haplotypes are considerably different in each subspecies. “Overdominance selection” in class I H‐2 is one of the possible explanations

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00825.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY