摘要:

the American Geophysical Union was established in 1919 as the American Committee of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, and its Executive Committee is the Committee on Geophysics of the National Research Council. The objects of the Union are to promote the study of problems concerned with the figure and physics of the Earth, to initiate and coordinate researches which depend upon international and national cooperation, and to provide for their scientific discussion and publication. In the accomplishment of these objects, the Union is divided into sections following the plan of organization of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. There are now seven sections, namely, (a) Geodesy, (b) Seismology, (c) Meteorology, (d) Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity, (e) Oceanography, (f) Volcanology, and (g) Hydrology. A Section of Geophysical Chemistry was discontinued May 31, 1924, as the International Union had failed to provide such a Section; the Section of Hydrology was established November 16, 1930—matters pertaining to scientific hydrology referred to the American Geophysical Union had been previously looked after by special committees on Hydrolog

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR015i001p00003

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Science Advisory Board, which acts under the jurisdiction of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council, was created by order of President Roosevelt on July 51, 1933. This Board was given authority “to appoint committees to deal with specific problems in the various departments.” One of the first committee so appointed was the “Special Committee on the Weather Bureau.” Its members are: Robert A. Millikan, Director, Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics, and Chairman of the Executive Council, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, Chairman; Isaiah Bowman, Chairman, National Research Council, and Director of the American Geographical Society, New York City; Karl T. Compton, President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Charles D. Reed, Senior Meteorologist‐in‐Charge, Weather Bureau Section Center, Des M

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR015i001p00006

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During the last fifteen years the so‐called polar‐front or air‐mass analysis methods of weather‐map analysis and weather‐forecasting have come into general recognition in all the leading meteorological services. The new air‐mass and front concepts are finding a place in the meteorological literature and synoptic practice, in more or less modified form, in every country in which there is maintained any contact with modern meteorological trends. At the same time it is certainly true that the technique of application of these methods to the daily synoptic routine, in the preparation of weather‐forecasts, still falls far short of the maximum possible effectiveness. This is particularly true of the acquisition and utilization of observations from upper levels of the atmosphere for the purpose of giving our surface weather‐map analysis a

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR015i001p00007

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

For many years it has been the desire of meteorologists to secure and plot daily meteorological data from all parts of the Northern Hemisphere. During the first International Polar Year, 1882–83, observations were made at a number of stations in high latitudes, but the daily weather‐charts of the Northern Hemisphere for this period, published subsequently, were unsatisfactory, and presented a far from complete picture of weather‐conditions for the Hemisphere.The daily weather‐maps published by the Deutsche Seewarte,containing data from numerous vessels as well as from all land‐areas from which reports were available, have been the most comprehensive of any daily weather‐maps for

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR015i001p00010

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A number of different avenues of study have shed light on the problem of long‐range forecasting. If we may judge from the results achieved thus far in a practical way, the most profitable one is to associate weather in one locality with antecedent conditions in some other distant region, as was done by Sir Gilbert Walker in the monsoon‐forecasts for India. Unfortunately little work of this character has been done in the United States and it was with the idea of laying a foundation for studying conditions in this country that the work which will be described was undertaken. With a medium so labile and so subject to change as our atmosphere, it would be idle to suppose that some extremely simple relationship connected the weather in a nearby region with antecedent weather in some remote region. It was realized, therefore, that chances were extremely remote that the results of this investigation would expose any such simple relationship. Nor was it with the expectation of solving finally the problem of long‐range forecasting in this country that the study was undertaken but rather with the conviction that by such studies our knowledge would be enhanced, with the likelihood of developing suggestions that would lead by successive stages to a solution of the problem in the f

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR015i001p00012

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As part of the Canadian contribution to the Second International Polar Year activities, the Meteorological Service of Canada carried on an intensive observational program on the temperature and movement of the atmosphere at three stations in Arctic Canada, namely, Chesterfield Inlet (latitude 63° 45′ north in longitude 91° 50′ west), Cape Hope's Advance (latitude 61° 05′ north in longitude 69° 33′ north, and Coppermine (latitude 67° 47′ north in longitude 115° 15′ west).A grand total of 1556 pilot‐balloon ascents at these three stations were observed beyond 0.5‐km altitude. During the winter season (December to February) 117 ascents were observed to two km, and 297 ascents during the summer. The upper winds were approximately constant (±1 m/sec) from the surface to 4‐km altitude and varied little in strength from season to season. The approximate wind‐velocities up to 3 km were: Cape Hope's Advance 9.0 m/sec; Chesterfield Inlet 8.2 m/sec; Coppermine 7.0 m/sec. (The mean annual wind‐velocity at Drexel, Nebraska, at 2‐km altitude is 13 m/sec.) The surface‐winds are relatively very strong at the northern stations, for example, mean hourly wind‐velocity Cape Hope's Advance 18.5 mi/hr =8.4 m/sec, compared with 8.6 mi/hr = 3.8 m/sec at Toronto, based on all hourly values scaled from

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR015i001p00013

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The United States Weather Bureau is now engaged in the preparation of some 25,000 pilot‐balloon summary forms for the Second International Polar Year Commission. On these forms are entered the data from all Weather Bureau pilot‐balloon stations including one in Puerto Rico and four in Alaska for the period August 1932 to August 1933, inclusive. Since the International Commission is especially interested in observations in and near the polar regions, the Weather Bureau established, and maintained for the greater portion of the Polar Year, a special meteorological station at Point Barrow—the northernmost point of land in Alaska, located at latitude 71° 23′ north in longitude 150° 17′ west. Along with other important observations, pilot‐balloon observations were made twice daily, weather permitting, from September 14, 1932 to August 11, 1933, inclusive. During this period a total of 580 observations were made—88 per cent of the total scheduled. Of the 580 observations made, 473 reached one km, 276 reached three km, 108 reached 5 km, and 15 reached 10 km. The highest single observation was made on July 9, 1933, when an altitude of 12.5 km was attained. The wind at that point was north‐northeast at 15 meters per second. The highest velocity recorded during the entire period was 41 meters per second from the west o

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR015i001p00014

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

At its Locarno meeting in October 1931, the International Meteorological Committee adopted a resolution emphasizing the great importance of observations at mountain stations during the Second International Polar Year [see reference 1 at end of paper]. Mount Washington was the only high‐level station in this country to cooperate with the International Polar Year Commission (see Figs. 1 and 5). The history of its organization and the details of its operation were outlined by R. S. Monahan and S. Pagliuca at the fourteenth annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union in April 1933 [2]. A popular account by R. S. Monahan has also appeared [3

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR015i001p00018

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The proposed stratosphere‐flight is sponsored by the National Geographic Society and the United States Army Air Corps. The first ascent may be made between June 15 and July 1, 1934; a second ascent may be possible in September or October. The point of departure will be somewhere east of the Rocky Mountains because of the probable direction of drift to the east and southeas

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR015i001p00023

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Fifth Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics was held at Lisbon, Portugal, September 17–26, 1933. The Association of Geodesy, with a longer program of reports and discussion than the other associations, began its meetings three days before the official opening of the Assembly, September 17.The meeting was attended by 178 official delegates and guests; this number does not include the wives and friends accompanying the delegates and guests. Official delegates represented 21 of the 37 countries adhering to the Union as Followst Belglum, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Japan, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Yugoslavia. Countries not yet adhering to the Union, represented by invited guests, were British India, China, Germany, and Venezuela. Thus the total number of countries represented at this Assembly was 25. The United States was represented by six delegates, namely, Walter D. Lambert, James B. Macelwane, S.J., Harry D. Harradon, John A. Fleming, and Thomas G. Thompson, who represented the National Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council, and David McD. Le Breton who represented the Hydrographic Office of the United States Nav

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR015i001p00024

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY