摘要:

Shoran trilateration in the Bahama Islands permits the determination of the deflection of the vertical with considerable accuracy. The deflections observed to date show a striking correlation with the ocean‐bottom gradients and with the available free‐air anomaly gradients. This suggests the computation of relative geoidal heights by using strategically placed deflection observations. This paper describes a promising method of computing the relative undulati

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i001p00001

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The gravity anomalies are an important tool in the hands of the geodesists and geophysicists. For instance, the positive Bouguer anomalies of the oceans and the negative ones of the mountains show qualitatively that isostatic equilibrium exists in broad lines. The isostatic anomalies are even able to localize the isostatically compensating layers and in such a way to determine the thickness of the Earth's crust. Also local disturbing masses of different types are not too difficult to discover. With the rapid and accurate gravimeters beginning a new epoch in gravimetry, quite new views for detailed geophysical study of the behavior of the Earth's interior are to be presented. But the gravity anomalies must be used carefully. In some cases they too easily lead us to wrong conclusions.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i001p00011

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The length of meteor ionization columns is defined as the maximum possible separation of points along the trail from which normal‐incidence radio reflections may be obtained, when a radio system of prescribed characteristics is used. A statistical method is employed to determine the relative frequency of trails of different lengths from simultaneous measurements made at two similar 23‐megacycle meteor detection stations 100 km apart. For sixth magnitude meteors, a mean trail length of 25 or 30 km is obtai

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i001p00016

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper is concerned with the instrumentation for, and the results from, an experimental investigation of heat transfer over a smooth dry‐lake. The original data are on file in the Department of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles. Heat‐transfer rates into the ground were measured with thermopile heat meters; the net radiant exchange at the Earth's surface was measured with a net exchange radiometer. A continuous 48‐hour record of these quantities, together with vertical convective heat‐transfer rates determined from heat balances at the surface, is presented. Unit convective conductances (heat‐transfer coefficient's) are calculated from the convective transfer rates and differences between the surface temperature and the air temperature at a height of two meters. An empirical expression for the convective conductance, which agrees within ten per cent with the experimentally determined values, is presented.A series of small thermocouples was used to measure the air‐temperature distribution very close to the surface. Vertical convective heat‐transfer rates calculated from these measured temperature gradients compare favorably with those from the heat balances. These measurements indicate the probable existence of a laminar sublayer, though further data are necessary for conclusiv

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i001p00022

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is observed that the cube roots of precipitation amounts often are distributed normally. This is found to apply to data for stations ranging from arctic to tropic regions, from extremely wet to extremely dry regions, and for precipitation periods of one day to one year. For comparison, sets of data that have been analyzed by other methods are examined. Certain exceptions to and limitations on the generality of the normal distribution of the cube roots of precipitation amounts are pointed out. Ways of using this characteristic are discussed.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i001p00031

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Methods of forecasting sea and swell in the open ocean have been given by Sverdrup and Munk and others. In this paper are presented principles from which techniques for forecasting sea and swell in a broken icefield may be developed. It is shown that water waves entering an icefield are damped exponentially with increasing ice thicknesses. It is further shown that selective damping occurs in the icefield, the shorter‐period waves being more easily damped. Graphs are included which help to give a clearer picture of the result

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i001p00036

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper two distinct but related problems are considered: the reflection of water waves from a region covered by floating matter, and the reflection of water waves from a region having an appreciable surface tension. The results are obtained from shallow water theory on the supposition that the depth is small compared to the wavelength.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i001p00043

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The limits within which the total precipitation as measured by a single gage represents the total precipitation over the surrounding area is a subject of great interest to hydrologists and meteorologists. The lack of adequate data from large areas has made detailed analytical studies impossible. The precipitation‐gage network established during the period from 1935 to 1940 in the Muskingum River Watershed in Ohio by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service provides data for limited studies for a 8038‐sq mi area. Records from 230 gages for a full year beginning October 1, 1939; are available. The data from these stations have been used by the authors to analyze the effect of gage spacing on the accuracy of determination of the amount of annual precipitation for areas in Ohio ranging in size from a few square miles to 8000 sq

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i001p00049

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper discusses a few of the many serious and complex water quality problems confronting water users in California. For ease of presentation and discussion, these water quality problems are broadly grouped under conditions of pollution caused by sewage and industrial waste disposal, and degradation caused by man's development and use of the water itself. Minor quality of water problems resulting from natural causes are also recognized and discussed.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i001p00058

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Based on runoff records for the period 1938–48, peak‐rate probability curves are computed for 51 watersheds located in the Allegheny‐Cumberland Plateau and ranging in size from 100 to 350,000 ac. A simple correlation is computed to determine the relationship between the peak rate for a ten‐year recurrence interval and area. The average standard error was 34.8 pct. Two rainfall factors representative of the period of runoff record are then introduced together with a topographic factor, and a multiple correlation is computed. The average standard error was reduced to 18.2 pct. Long‐term rainfall factors are then computed and used in the multiple correlation equation to determine the peaks that would have resulted from the peak‐rate probability curves had long‐term runoff records been available. Relationships between ten‐year peaks and those for 25‐ and 50‐year frequencies are determined from the peak‐rate probability curves and the Plateau is divided into two zones based o

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i001p00067

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY