摘要:

This paper presents a theoretically accurate method of computing geodetic distances from shoran observations and then demonstrates a method of close approximation by numerical integration.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i001p00001

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Apparatus and procedures are described with which seismic reflections have been obtained from the ocean bottom and from deeper horizons. The area surveyed lies between Bermuda, the Greater Antilles, and the United States. All records obtained in an east‐west strip, 70 to 80 mi wide, extending from 61° W longitude south of Bermuda to 71° W longitude and thence southward as a strip 200 to 300 mi wide to about 23° N latitude, show a single prominent reflecting horizon at depths exceeding 500 ft below the bottom (assuming the seismic velocity in the bottom sediment to be equal to or greater than that of sea water). In this area the bathymetric data indicate that the bottom is either flat or relatively smooth. The records from other parts of the area are, with few exceptions, more complicated, correlating with bathymetric evidence of a rougher bottom there. A system is outlined for classifying reflection records obtained in deep water with suggested geologic significance of the various record t

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i001p00005

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Experimental studies of condensation nuclei and laboratory fog investigations have largely been based on the assumption of adiabatic conditions. This study includes a check on the validity of this assumption under a number of different conditions. The median size and the number of fog droplets were determined during the formation and evaporation of artificial fogs. The effect of nearness to a water surface is also studied. The results for the artificial fogs are compared with measurements of natural fogs. The jet method, used in sampling artificial fogs, is found to yield out‐of‐door measurements that are in line with those obtained by the sedimentation method. The experiments show that, due to the non‐fulfillment of adiabatic conditions in the laboratory, temperature and moisture conditions in an air sample cannot be calculated from measurements of pressure. They show, too, that condensation processes produced in the laboratory are adequate for studying the type and, to some extent, the size distribution of condensation products as they occur in n

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i001p00015

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A jet ascending through a fluid possessing vertical shear of the horizontal wind will show a difference in horizontal velocity from that of the ambient air. The magnitude of the difference is shown to be a function of the vertical shear and the rate of entrainment of mass into the jet.The effect of this relative horizontal velocity on the slopes of dry thermals and on cumulus cloud processes is discussed. The observed horizontal asymmetries in the turbulence associated with trade cumulus are offered as an example.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i001p00019

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A method for use with captive balloons is described, by means of which the signals from a modified chronometric radiosonde can be transmitted through a nonconducting mooring string. The devices for transmitting and receiving the signals of the meteorosonde are outlined.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i001p00026

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Vortex‐ring clouds and cloud systems sometimes occur, especially in early stages of violent convective storms. The vortex rings are usually enveloped in cloud in later stages of the storm and are either invisible or not distinguishable from convolutions of cloud. Conditions favorable for the formation of vortex‐ring cloud systems are also favorable for severe hailstorms.It is difficult to account for the uniformity of size and layering of hailstones in many storms on the basis of suspension by varying gustiness in a continually ascending air current. Also it is difficult to account for an ascent velocity sufficient to sustain large hailstones and lasting long enough to permit their formation.These and other characteristics of hailstones are met if, in some hailstorms, ring‐vortex ascent of moist air occurs and hailstones are formed within the vortex ring or rings. This provides requisite ascent velocity for suspension of large hailstones and a much longer period of suspension than direct ascent in the core of the vortex.It is concluded that hailstorms are of two kinds: (1) Those occurring in conjunction with continuous convective upflow of a column of air without formation of vortex rings, which may be designated as “tubular convective” storms; and (2) those occurring in conjunction with ring‐vortex storms and producing much more uniform hail and permitting larger hail to form.The treatment of the subject is hydrodynamic rather than thermodynamic and details are given of the rheologic or flow conditio

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i001p00029

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The circulation in Bikini Lagoon during the post‐Baker Day period is deduced from the distribution of salinity and radioactivity. The use of the distribution of radioactivity as a method of determining the circulation is compared with other methods. The presence of radioactivity in the waters of the Lagoon as a result of the explosion presented a unique opportunity to obtain a partial evaluation of the radioactive tracer technique in problems of hydrography.Figures showing a circulation scheme and the distribution of salinity and radioactivity are presented for the third, fourth, and fifth day after the underwater explosion. The circulation at this time was found to be abnormal due mainly to the unusual weather conditions. It has therefore been discussed with particular reference to the areas of concentration of the radioactive material in view of the possible bearing on studies of the effect of radiological contamination on marine flora and fauna at Bikini.The use of radioactivity in tracing water motions at Bikini gave results which were in general agreement with those obtained by other method

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i001p00046

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The atomic bomb tests at Bikini in 1946 provided an opportunity to study the characteristics of atolls using modern surveying techniques. The work has shown that many of the important features, both above and below sea level, are definitely related to the direction of the prevailing winds, waves, and currents.Beyond the windward (north and east) reefs of Bikini, the steep outer slope is broken in most places by a terrace at ten fathoms. The margin of the windward reef is aLithothamnionridge, cut by strong grooves or surge channels; large islands are developed on these reefs. Lee reefs have nearly vertical outer slopes near the surface; their margins are smooth and are adapted to light surf; occasional storms have eroded large slump areas; and islands are small and few. Passes are largely confined to the southern reefs.The lagoons studied are 25 to 35 fathoms deep and are bordered by a ten‐fathom terrace. The floors are covered with livingHalimedaand algal debris surrounded by a belt of foraminiferal and coral sand. Steep coral knolls, some rising nearly to sea level, are scattered in the lagoons.Many flat‐topped seamounts are present in the area. The 14 that were well surveyed rise from 2500 fathoms to depths between 470 and 850 fath

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i001p00055

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During the preliminary survey at Bikini, the state of turbulence in the lagoon was determined from three types of measurements: simultaneous measurements of surface current and wind speed, measurements of diurnal temperature fluctuations at various depths, and measurements of the rate of mixing of the oxygen‐rich reef water with the body of the lagoon water. These measurements lead to reasonably consistent values for the coefficient of vertical diffusion. The coefficient of horizontal diffusion was estimated on the basis of past observations and of measurements of the lateral spread of dye markers. Its estimated value compares favorably to a value computed from the lateral spread of radioactive material deposited during the underwater atom‐bomb bu

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i001p00059

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A theory is developed for the loss in wave energy as a result of friction by the oscillating motion of waves at the sea bottom. This loss in energy is reflected as a reduction in the wave height as the waves move shoreward. It is shown by numerical examples that this reduction may amount to as much as 30 per cent on very flat beaches for wave periods commonly occurring in the ocean.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i001p00067

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY