摘要:

Free time, work and background data were related to night‐rest catecholamine excretion rates in a teacher group (n= 137) during an autumn term. The explained interindividual variance increased slightly towards the end of the term. Adrenaline excretion was predicted better than noradrenaline, notedly by coffee consumption, amount of physical activity, and subjective stress feelings which explained 16% of the variance in adrenaline excretion during night rest. However, the results indicated that the differences in catecholamine excretion during night rest remained mostly unpredictabl

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00846.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two aspects of visual speech processing in speechreading (word decoding and word discrimination) were tested in a group of 24 normal hearing and a group of 20 hearing‐impaired subjects. Word decoding and word discrimination performance were independent of factors related to the impairment, both in a quantitative and a qualitative sense. Decoding skill, but not discrimination skill, was associated with sentence‐based speechreading. The results were interpreted such that, in order to represent a critical component process in sentence‐based speechreading, the visual speech perception task must entail lexically induced processing as a task‐demand. The theoretical status of the word decoding task as one operationalization of a speech decoding module was discussed (Fodor, 1983). An error analysis of performance in the word decoding/discrimination tasks suggested that the perception of heard stimuli, as well as the perception of lipped stimuli, were critically dependent on the same features; that is, the temporally initial phonetic segment of the word (cf. Marslen‐Wilson, 1987). Implications for a theory of visual speech perception were

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00847.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship between formal operations and postformal reasoning was examined by using the Shayer (1978) chemicals problem to assess formal operations and the Commons,et al.(1982) four‐story problem to measure postformal reasoning. The subjects were 35 undergraduate social science and humanities students. None of the subjects who were classified as concrete operational or transitional on the chemicals task showed postformal reasoning. The hypothesis that full format operations are a necessary condition of post‐formal reasoning and the expectation that subjects showing full formal operations are more likely than others to exhibit postformal reasoning was not suppor

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00848.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The multifaceted nature of problems foreign students face have led some researchers to conclude that these students tend to suffer from poor health during their overseas sojourn. This assertion is examined among foreign students at the University of Bergen by means of a questionnaire survey. Loneliness, tiredness, sadness and worrying were reported as a frequent source of problem by nearly one in four of over 300 respondents. Students reported a decline in their general state of health as well as a rise in the occurrence of syndrome‐like tendencies resembling paranoia, anxiety, depression and somatic complaints. These tendencies were attributed to certain psychosocial factors such as information received regarding study opportunities, social contacts with other tenants in the hall of residence and future job opportunities. Scandinavian students on the whole tended to have better mental health than students from the other countries. The implications of impaired health among foreign students is discusse

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00849.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two hundred and sixty Swedish students attending grade 9 were given a semantic differential to measure their attitudes towards four countries, Sweden, West Germany, USA, and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union received significantly more unfavourable ratings on nearly all variables than the other countries, which received mainly favourable or neutral ones. Most interesting, the Soviet Union is rated as “enemy”, whilst the other countries are rated as “friends”. Implications for peace education are di

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00850.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study examines if non‐veridical reports of a stimulus‐motif presented below the threshold for correct recognition are related to subjective tendencies in the ordinary perception of thermatically related stimuli. Sixty‐four subjects were tested with the standard picture of Kragh's Defence Mechanism Test (DMT) which reflects a theme of aggression and threat. Stimulus‐inadequate reporte of the picture‐motif were related to the subject's phenomenal representation of video‐recorded facial displays of anger, fear, sadness, and joy. The results demonstrate a correspondence between the individual's perceptual distortions, eliminations, or additions to the threatening subliminal stimulus and his or her phenomenal representation of the supraliminal affect

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00851.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Sociomoral Reflection Measure (SRM; Gibbs&Widaman, 1982) was developed as a group administerable instrument for measuring developmental stages of moral reasoning. The aim of this study was to examine its reliability and construct validity, employing a sample of 542 Swedish elementary and high school students (aged 8–17), from schools within metropolitan Stockholm. Interrater reliability varied between 0.83 and 0.92, and the internal consistency coefficient was 0.76. Factor analyses of the norms (on which the overall score is based) revealed one factor for the oldest age group (16–17 years), but two factors among the younger subjects (8–15 years), clearly separating the norms related to each of the two moral dilemmas. The Sociomoral Reflection Maturity Score was moderately, but significantly, related to both age and grade. The results suggests that, although used in a non‐American context and with self‐trained raters, the SRM seems highly applicable in Sweden, at least for research

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00852.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The problem of whether or not data influence subjects’ sampling of hypotheses about functional relations in the probabilistic inference tasks was examined. The results of the experiment show first, a considerable impact of data on subjects’ hypothesis selection and second, that the subjects significantly modify their hypothesis selection from one part of the experiment to the other. Thus, there is an interaction of data and hypotheses in cue probability learning (CPL) tasks regarding the hypothesis sampling process and an execution of cognitive control over the subjects’ hypothesis

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00853.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of the first experiment was to investigate whether diazepam could acquire anxiogenic properties by signalling an aversive event. Rats were trained in an operant chamber in the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) model of anxiety. Thereafter the animals were divided into groups that received classical diazepam conditioning (Group 1), and conditioning of diazepam + tone (Group 2). In the test phase diazepam was injected prior to placement in the operant chamber. Group 2 selected the PTZ‐appropriate lever more often than the other groups, indicating that the tone induced anxiety, and diazepam did not. Tones and shock may therefore be more easily associated than diazepam and shock. The second experiment investigated this. Rats were trained the same way as in the first experiment. Thereafter the experimental group received injections of a small dose of diazepam prior to a second injection of a large dose of diazepam. The hypothesis was that a compensatory anxiogenic conditional response to diazepam's anxiolytic effect should be elicited by the small dose. There were no differences between the groups in lever selection, indicating that a compensatory anxiogenic response was not elicite

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00854.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examines the relationship between Type A behaviour and smoking. Data were gathered from a random sample of 100 undergraduate male daily smokers, with a mean age of 21.2 years (SD = 2.72), using the Type A Behaviour Scale (Bortner and Rosenman, 1967).Results reveal that Type A smokers are heavier daily consumers of cigarettes than Type B smokers (t= 2.90,p<0.01). The observed relationship between smoking and Type A behaviour remains significant even when the influence of aggression in partialled out. The need to further investigate the interplay of genetic and non‐genetic predispositions, and smoking in the incidence of coronary heart diseases (CHD) is suggeste

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00855.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY