摘要:

The present article examined conceptual and methodological foundations of testing the self‐serving hypothesis of causal attributions. This analysis revealed a startling fact that neither major reviews (by Bradley, Miller&Ross; Snyder et al.; Weary&Arkin; and Zuckerman) nor other reports have provided a clear and specific definition of the self‐serving attributions. Furthermore, methodological defects exist because of such fundamental errors as the use of between‐subjects designs, instead of within‐subjects designs, in testing the hypothesis. Therefore, the reported experiments simply reflect the researchers' attempts to interpret subjects' attributions as self‐serving or non‐self‐serving. To better understand the nature and scope of self‐serving motives in causal attributions, it is essential (1) to take into account attributors' personal definitions of self‐serving attributions, (2) to relate the nonreciprocal attributions to social/cultural values about self‐serving behaviors, and (3) to determine the role of intentions in causal attributions of

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1985.tb01136.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Since infant cry sounds may provide caregivers with information concerning an infant's needs, several studies have examined the perceptual features of cry signals. This tradition is followed in the present study, which utilises two techniques; the method of pair‐comparisons (coupled to INDSCAL) and the Semantic Differential (SD). In each case 24 infant cries (six each of pain, hunger, pleasure and birth) are used as stimuli. Data were collected from mothers; 39 rated each cry on 50 SD scales, and 26 provided ratings of similarity for every possible pairwise combination of cries. The similarity of the perceptual spaces described by the two techniques is demonstrated by a canonical analysis which compared the SD factor matrix with the INDSCAL dimension‐weight matrix. Two of three possible common dimensions were uncovered. This similarity is also indicated by a standard multiple regression analysis by which the INDSCAL dimensions were described in terms of the SD scales. However, it appears the SD emphasised emotional characteristics of the cry signals whereas INDSCAL emphasised physical attribu

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1985.tb01137.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The long‐term effects of phonemic awareness training in kindergarten were evaluated by studying various aspects of reading, spelling, and oral phonological skills in school. In the kindergarten‐part of the study 95 children divided into three experimental and two control groups took part. One year later 83 of them were identified and tested in school. The children who participated in the phonemic training program seemed to have benefited from it to some extent. At least they improved their scores on phonemic synthesis tests in school. Some children in the middle and high range of pretest performance seem to have avoided a risk for reading failure to a greater extent than the corresponding children in the control groups. It is suggested that phonemic training contributes to the development of accurate concepts of reading in the preschool child and makes the child less confused when confronted with formal reading instruction in school. Great variances, ceiling effects, and group heterogeneity created many difficulties in evaluating the training effects. The various methodological problems implied in evaluation research with nonequivalent control group design were analysed and illustrated with data from the present resea

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1985.tb01138.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Psychology students were presented with a mental puzzle based on knowledge of geometry, with several versions of Wason's selection task, and with some tasks of essay writing. Test scores were obtained on a sentence completion test and a test of spatial configuration. With the different problem‐solving tasks, a relationship between success and intellectual ability was observed only in cases where the data indicated that the subjects were familiar with the task in question. The results support the theory previously set forth by Raaheim; that only in situations where the degree of novelty is moderate, will the intelligent use of past experience prove beneficial to problem solvin

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1985.tb01139.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The concentration of saccharin (CS) solutions was varied between groups of rats in four taste‐aversion learning experiments, using lithium chloride as the aversive agent (US). Saccharin intake was measured on four one‐bottle presentations yielding data on initial taste neophobia as well as postconditioning aversion strength. The results indicated that saccharin intake declined progressively with increasing concentrations on the first presentation, and that preconditioning intake to a large extent predicted postconditioning intake. In an attempt to correct postconditioning values for differences of saccharin intake on the preceding trial, a taste suppression ratio (TSR) was computed as the quotient of the amounts of saccharin consumed by individual rats on consecutive presentations. In general, the TSR was found to be too insensitive to detect differences of conditioning strength acquired by different saccharin concentrations. Alternative approaches to the CS‐concen‐tration problem in taste‐aversion learning are

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1985.tb01140.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In two articles the controversial situation within contemporary psychoanalytic theory is discussed with reference to both the form and content of the theory. In the first article some areas of theoretical conflict between traditional drive theory, on the one hand, and object relations theory, self theory, and ego theory, on the other, are surveyed. It is concluded that inconsistency and ambiguity seem so penetrating that one can hardly speak of a unified theory of psychoanalysis at present. This seems to be a new situation in the history of psychoanalysis. A main issue of disagreement is that between drive theory and object relations theory concerning the nature of human motivation. In order to bridge the theoretical gap between the two positions, it seems necessary for psychoanalysis to disclaim the monolithic status of the drives and to adopt a broad theory of motivation where drives are only one contribution among several types of motivating forces. In the second article some lines of advance in psychoanalytic theory are discussed.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1985.tb01141.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the theoretical development to come in psychoanalysis, an “inclusive” strategy is recommended, allowing for conflicting points of view to exist side by side waiting for a new integrating theory to emerge. Until such a theory is at hand, the term “psychoanalysis” will remain a rather loose heading for several psychoanalytic subcultures. It is argued, both clinically and theoretically, in favour of giving the organizing function of the ego a central position in the forthcoming theory. Some consequences of this “organizational” point of view are discussed in relation to: (a) diagnostic classification, (b) the distinction between psychoanalysis and psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy, and (c) the theoretical language of psychoanalysis. In conclusion som requirements for a future theory of psychoanalysis a

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1985.tb01142.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Studied problems of identification, using a meta‐contrast design. The first stimulus (A) was always the word ME. In experiment1, the second stimulus (B) depicted an aggressor and a victim facing each other. The subliminal A was flashed either on the victim or the aggressor or completely withheld. In experiment2, B showed two persons standing against different backgrounds: an open horizon or a closed room. It was assumed that the subject would be “forced” to identify with that figure in B on which A was flashed. Subjects in experiment 1 were 18 psychiatric patients and in experiment2, 32 professional artists. The results showed that the subliminal manipulation had been effective: e.g., when led by A to identify with the aggressor, projective‐sensitive and borderline subjects were confused and even reported perceptual difficulties; when led to identify with the open side, highly creative artists, as opposed to less creative ones, reported more positive impressions of the

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1985.tb01143.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The hypothesis that people would assimilate in their perceptions of the position of a preferred political party was tested using the left‐right dimension in Sweden's 1976 National Election Survey. The hypothesis was supported within each of five party preference groups. People who strongly identified with their party showed a stronger tendency towd assimilation, but the effect was also present among people with a weak identificatio

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1985.tb01144.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is shown that Junge's (1978) geometric similarity model corresponds to Tversky's set‐theoretical model of similarit

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1985.tb01145.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY