ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00795.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

On a ward for 24 psychogeriatric patients, 18 were randomly assigned to three groups with different experimental conditions. The first group was prompted and reinforced for different activities; the second was only prompted; and the third served as a control group. Activities, both the trained ones and others, were continuously monitored throughout the five week study. The results showed a clear increase in the trained activities after training. The prompting condition was effective, and the addition of reinforcement did not add any to the effects. There was no generalization to untrained activities, and the effects did not last at the 1 hr or 21 hr assessments, but was clearly visible at 5 min after training. Time seemed to be more important than place, i.e. the effect ceased with elapsed time, not because of changes in the situation.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00796.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study of naturally occurring behaviour employed a “beeper technique” to investigate the actions carried out by 152 subjects in eight different groups, viz. adult students, employed students who were also parents, unemployed, art students, doctoral students, alcoholics, retired people and a control group. Actions were sampled for seven subsequent days, five times per day between 8 a.m. and 10 p.m. at randomly selected occasions. Each action was rated on a number of variables, shortly after it was sampled (median delay approximately 10 min). Some of the findings were: Time allocation corresponded well with national estimates. Being under siruationai control was highly aversive. Instrumental and consummatory orientations correlated positively. The background variables were, on the whole, only rather weakly related to action ratings, but it was found that women and retired persons tended to report a higher level of well‐

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00797.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a prospective longitudinal study of adolescents' drug use, the trustfulness of the self‐reports about drug use was investigated by means of a test for logical consistency. A sample of 1936 high school students completed a written survey in the fall of 1987 and again in spring 1988, seven to eight months later. The findings indicate that the information obtained is logically consistent at one particular point in time. Analyses show, however, that the consistency drops somewhat over time. The legal drug use responses show the highest consistency, the answers regarding hard drugs like amphetamine and heroin show the least favourable consistency, with cannabis and inhalants somewhere in the middle. There seem to be two main reasons for the inconsistent answers: some respondents wilfully underreport their drug consumption. This seems partly to be a function of the level of illegality of the drug. However, poor memory and episodic uses of such drugs seem also to be important. Generally this study agrees with other studies and indicates an overall relatively high level of longitudinal consistency regarding drug use responses. This kind of survey must therefore be regarded as a relatively reliable instrument in collecting information regarding drug us

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00798.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thirty‐one families with pre‐school children were examined with regard to Type A behaviour and cardiovascular and neuroendocrine measurements. Type A scores (MYTH) of the children from the ages of three to six were positively correlated with independent Type A measurements (Jenkins Activity Survey, Bortner Type A scale) of the parents (significant for fathers but not for mothers). The children's resting systolic blood pressures were significantly correlated with maternal and paternal values, while no significant familial aggregation was found for diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, catecholamine or cortisol excretion. The children's systolic and diastolic blood pressures and adrenaline excretion were significantly correlated between ages three and six. The results are consistent with the assumption that genetic as well as environmental factors contribute to the development of Type A behaviour. No significant association was found between Type A scores and physiological measurements during routine activities in the children or the adu

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00799.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study presents psychometric data for four different phobic fear questionnaires in a Norwegian sample of 284 subjects. The questionnaires concerned fear of flying, snakes, spiders and a questionnaire of general phobic complaints. The results showed a high estimate of internal consistence, and a very high test‐retest reliability for all questionnaires. A low to moderate degree of intercorrelation between the questionnaires appeared. A clear sex difference emerged in responding to all four questionnaires. In addition, a clinical sample of phobics with fear of flying as the main symptom was compared to the larger sample on a fear of flying scale. The results showed a clear difference in responding between the samples. The present study concludes that the four different fear questionnaires yielded a high degree of reliability, and their use in clinical practice is encourage

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00800.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) was administered to a normal population of randomly selected Danish adults, to patients consulting a cardiologist, and to physicians in order to compare those groups in terms of their coronary‐prone (Type A) behaviour patterns. The standard procedure of rating the JAS was used in order to obtain scores for each of the four subscales: Type A (time urgency and ambitiousness), Factor S (speed and impatience) Factor H (hard‐driving and competitive) and Factor J (job involvement). Gender differences were observed in the normal population for each of the four subscale scores, and age‐related differences were obtained for Factor J. Elevated scores for Factor S were obtained by physicians and by people in the population who had a cardiovascular disorder. Physicians had also elevated scores for Factor J, whereas their Factor H scores tended to be reduced. No reliable differences in JAS subscale scores were observed between four groups of heart patients (i.e. angina pectoris, arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation and atherosclerosis), although there was a tendency for Factor J to be elevated in atherosclerosis. The findings provide normal values for JAS scores in Danish men and women, and suggest that some facets of coronary‐prone behaviour may be enhanced in Danish high‐ri

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00801.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim was to construct an updated and balanced version of a previous Swedish social attitude scale (Sidanius, 1976), and to assess the reliability and construct validity, employing a sample of 445 students, aged 14–17, from schools within metropolitan Stockholm. The results showed acceptable precision and internal consistency and reasonably high test‐retest reliability for the scale as a whole. Thea prioriattitude domains (political‐economic conservatism, religion, punitiveness, social inequality, ethnocentrism, and environment) were identified through use of confirmatory factor analysis. Most domains showed acceptable reliability. Differing results for the various age groups indicated that the present version of the scale should not be used among subjects below the age

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00802.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study was performed to investigate whether subjects high and low in fear of snakes react with different facial electromyographic (EMG) responses when exposed to snakes. Two groups of subjects were exposed to slides of snakes or flowers. After the experiment they rated their fear of snakes on a questionnaire and based on these ratings they were divided into high and low fear groups. Facial EMG was measured from the corrugator and zygomatic muscle regions. As predicted the high fear group reacted with a facial response interpretable as a negative emotional reaction whereas the low fear group did not. This difference was specific to snakes because high and low groups did not differ in responses to slides of flowers. The results are consistent with the proposition that facial EMG reactions reflect emotional responses and indicate that the facial EMG technique is a sensitive tool to distinguish reactions between subjects high and low in specific fears.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00803.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined whether facial electromyographic (EMG) reactions differentiate between identical tone stimuli which subjects perceive as differently unpleasant. Subjects were repeatedly exposed to a 1000 Hz 75 dB tone stimulus while their facial EMG from the corrugator and zygomatic muscle regions were measured. Skin conductance and heart rate responses were also measured. The subjects rated the unpleasantness of the stimulus and based on these ratings they were divided into two groups, High and Low in perceived unpleasantness. As predicted the facial EMG activity reflected the perceived unpleasantness. That is, the High group but not the Low group reacted with an increased corrugator response. The autonomic data, on the other hand, did not differ between groups. The results are consistent with the proposition that the facial muscles function as a readout system for emotional reactions and that facial muscle activity is intimately related to the experiential level of the emotional response system.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00804.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY