摘要:

In a problem solving experiment, predictions were based upon a theory of motivation and action, the scheme theory, and a psychometric model for the component analysis of rating data, the sector model (Eckblad, 1981; 1980). Pattern guessing tasks were presented to 32 students, 8 to each subject, in individual sessions lasting more than one hour. Number of errors, rated attractiveness, and guessing latencies (the process variables) were recorded during each task. After completion of each task, the affective reaction to it was assessed by means of ratings on six scales, including the scales Pleasant, Interesting, and Complex. On the basis of the sector model, an index of assimilation resistance was computed from the ratings of each task/subject unit, and the index was used to predict mean values and gradients for the process variables. Results show that the sector structure is clearly present in the rating data, that the process variables fit into the structure in the predicted manner, and that mean values and gradients for the process variables differ highly significantly and as predicted among tasks of different levels of assimilation resistance.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00372.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Metacomprehension is defined as readers' evaluations of their performance on a task, involving inferences derived from a text. In two studies metacomprehension was related to characteristics of the inferences required, in terms of 1) amount of information to be kept in long‐term memory (Study 1), 2) amount of information to be kept in short‐term memory (Study 2) and 3) existence of negatives (Study 2). In the first study, 41 psychology students read a text and afterwards judged 1) the correctness of a set of pragmatic inference statements, and 2) their confidence in being correct or the difficulty of judging each statement. In the second study, 81 high‐school students read a text and simultaneously judged 1) the correctness of a set of logical inference statements and 2) their confidence in being correct and the difficulty of judging each statement. In both studies, metacomprehension was not significantly correlated with actual performance. The results indicate that one important source of metacomprehension consists in information processing load. In Study 1, long‐term memory requirements represent this load, in Study 2, the existence of ne

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00373.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In two studies, students were asked to rate their knowledge of a number of different topics, extracurricular as well as drawn from their textbooks of the history of psychology and philosophy. The score distributions on a scale from “unknown” to “well known” were in all cases distinctly U‐formed, as if knowledge were a question of either/or, rather than one of degree. However, when knowledge was rated on a scale from “know nothing about” to “know much about”, the U‐pattern failed to appear, and the students tended generally to give more cautious ratings. The differences are interpreted as evidence for the philosophical and linguistic distinction between “knowledge by acquaintance” (German: “kennen”, French: “connaître”) and “knowledge‐about

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00374.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship between single‐word, free‐association response latency and the following characteristics of Kent‐Rosanoff words were examined: (a) grammatical form class, (b) emotionality, (c) familiarity, and (d)D(the number of different response words given to a stimulus word in a single‐word free‐association situation by a group of subjects). In addition was examined the relationship between response latency and (e) the type of associative linkage constituted by the stimulus‐response combination, and (f) response frequency. Given the limits posed by the present stimulus material, subject material, and analyses performed, the conclusion was reached that single‐word, free‐associative response latency is related primarily toD(r=0.81), secondly to the frequency with which a given stimulus‐response combination occurs in a

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00375.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thresholds for vibrotactile stimuli of low and high frequency (20 and 150 Hz) were determined during a long‐lasting (15 min) background stimulus of low or high frequency (40 or 240 Hz). Thresholds for high frequency were markedly elevated during both low and high frequency background stimulation, whereas thresholds for low frequency were elevated only at the beginning of high‐frequency background stimulation. The present results indicate that during activation of the high‐frequency vibrotactile channel it is possible to find both a cross‐channel and a channel specific inhibition depending on the temporal parameters of the background stimulus. The effects of the present low‐frequency background stimulus can be explained on the basis of a minor co‐activation of the high‐freq

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00376.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

If average changes in fallible reassures are to be expressed relative to units of variability, it should be to true rather than observed units. Otherwise the change on the less reliable measures will be correspondingly underestimated. Correction formulas for expressing average change in true units are presented and used as an illustration on ability tests. Some other cases necessitating such correction are pointed out.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00377.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A quasi‐experimental study was conducted to examine the effect of sex on actor and observer attributions of success and failure. It was predicted that, contrary to American results in similar studies, Norwegian males and females would tend to be largely similar in their attribution of success and failure. Only same‐sex attributions were explored. Subjects were asked to attribute causality along a set of six standard causal dimensions. The results showed that sex had a relatively minor effect on attributions, compared to the effects of attributor role and task outcome. Only in their attributions of ability did men and women differ to some degree in that women were more likely to use lack of ability as an explanation for own failure. The study concludes that cross‐cultural research is needed in order to better assess the normative impact on attrib

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00378.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research evidence is reviewed which shows that the questionnaire method represents a deviant case in imagery research: Whereas experimental techniques consistently produce strong effects for the imagery variable in a large specter of cognitive tasks, research based on imagery questionnaires yields ambiguous and most frequently negative results. Existing explanations of the discrepant findings are critically examined and found to be inadequate. An alternative interpretation is offered, where it is hypothesized that the questionnaire approach to the study of imagery is infected by a serious methodological flaw, due to differences in subjective conceptions of the rating scale employed in imagery questionnaires. Experimental evidence is reported which supports this interpretation.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00379.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Empirical studies of technical and therapist variables in treatment cannot yield valid generalizations because of the uniqueness of each case. Professional practice must, instead, be seen as an application of a psychological “calculus”, which follows logically from definitions of given concepts. Seven necessary rules are suggested for psychological treatment: 1. Regard the client‐in‐her/his‐surroundings‐system (cs‐system) as your unit of reference and get to know this system. 2. Tolerate initial ambiguity and do not generalize from other persons in other life situations. 3. In matters relevant for treatment, do not objectivize, i.e. pronounce something to be true or false, good or bad, right or wrong, but always subjectivize, i.e. emphasize that FOR P something is true or false, etc. 4. Maintain your independence relative to the cs‐system you work with. 5. Understand the persons in the cs‐system. 6. Respect the persons in the cs‐system. 7. Care for the perso

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00380.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an effort to account quantitatively for performance differences between study‐test and anticipation methods, a rudimentary theory, the retention interval model, is proposed. This model postulates three different theoretical functions for the three operationally distinguishable and qualitatively different events in the retention interval: intercycle rest, intervening‐study‐events and intervening‐test‐events intervals. The retention interval model satisfactorily accounted for 144 data points based on 35, 136 observations (164 subjects) by using only 30 estimated parameters in three experiments (48 points via 10 parameters per experiment), with massed as well as spaced practice, under both anticipation and study‐test (RT) methods. In spite of a restrictive parameter estimation mode, close agreements were achieved between the model and data. The retention interval appears to generate powerful effects in determining the absolute performance levels for both anticipation and study‐test learning procedures in the various intercy

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00381.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY