摘要:

Four experiments are reported investigating recognition of emotional expressions in very briefly presented facial stimulus. The faces were backwardly masked by neutral facial displays and recognition of facial expressions was analyzed as a function of the manipulation of different parameters in the masking procedure. The main conclusion was that stimulus onset asynchrony between target and mask proved to be the principal factor influencing recognition of the masked expressions. In general, confident recognitions of facial expressions required about 100–150 msec, with shorter time for happy than for angry expressions. The manipulation of the duration of both the target and the mask, by itself, had only minimal effect

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01096.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Whole list contexts have been found to influence action memory differently than item‐specific contexts. Usually there is no recall enhancement with item‐specific contexts, but considerable improvement with whole‐list contexts. Three experiments investigated the effect of both kinds of context upon action memory. The results showed that whole‐list contexts gave the beneficial effect, probably through their ability to string together actions within a common frame. Contrary to expectation the effects of item‐specific contexts were not found to differ between motor and nonmotor encoding conditions, irrespective of whether these contexts were self‐generated or provided by the experimenter. The experimental results suggest that the function of item‐specific contexts has more to do with helping item differentiation than relational encoding. Since action events possess a high degree of distinctiveness, there is not much to gain by the addition of item‐specific contexts in acti

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01097.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Employment of caregivers as trainers is an imperative in the training and treatment of mentally retarded persons. Besides being taught specific behavior modification skills, these paraprofessional trainers have to obtain a set of general skills in order to adjust their specific skills to new clients, situations, and behaviors across time. Empirical research on the characteristics of therapeutic problem‐solving skills are scarce. This may be due to a reluctance of behavior researchers against including cognitive factors in the analysis of behavior influence. However, the development of basic knowledge on the existence of therapeutic problem‐solving skills should be one of the primary research goals. This article describes the development and application of four scales assumed to be representative of an important set of general skills—therapeutic problem‐solving skills. By means of these four scales 21 caregivers were evaluated before and after extensive training. A multifaceted measuring operation is employed with the main objective of empirically testing the dimensionality of problem‐solving skills. Rater consistency and individual differences in change from pre‐ to post‐training level are also uncovered. It is concluded that the four scales of therapeutic skills, largely reflect the same underlying concept of a rather general therapeutic problem‐solving skill. Discussion of the findings also pointed to

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01098.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous research has demonstrated that recall of enacted verbal commands is superior to recall of the same commands without enactment. The experiment reported explored whether the same effect would hold true in a social context as opposed to the non‐social context used in previous research. The results demonstrated that this is indeed the case. Enacted verbal commands are better recalled than commands that are encoded verbally and better than commands that are encoded by means of observing them being performed. It was also demonstrated that items rated as having positive emotional value were better recalled than items rated as negative or neutral. This was true for enacted as well as for nonenacted commands. It is concluded that there is no basic difference between memory of commands enacted in the social context and memory of commands enacted in a non‐social context. We discuss the data in relation to current theory of memory of acti

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01099.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A cohort longitudinal design with four adjacent cohorts of students (n= 1689) followed over two years was used to study key issues identified in the research literature on the development of self‐evaluations in early adolescence. There was no clear relationship between age/grade and self‐evaluations. We found no support for a “stressful periods” hypothesis with respect to self: Possible changes were very gradual and quite small. However, there was a consistent “relative age” effect implying that younger students within a grade had more negative self‐evaluations. There were small but consistent sex differences in self‐evaluations in favor of the boys; more detailed analyses of very negative self‐evaluations suggested that the early adolescent years are the period in which a sex difference in depression related symptomatology begins to emerge. Finally, the usefulness of some kind of effect size measure and advantages and problems associated with a cohort longitudinal desi

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01100.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thirty patients were subjected to a Structural Interview by means of which 10 of them received the diagnosis NPO (Neurotic Personality Organization), 10 BPO (Borderline Personality Organization) and 10 PPO (Psychotic Personality Organization). About 2500 words and groups of words were extracted from the patients' utterances for analysis. The word‐frequencies thus found were analyzed by a PLS discriminant analysis which yielded two significant principal components (main dimensions) explaining 57% of the variance. This analysis showed that the three groups of patients are well separated from one another and that there is a definite correlation between personality organization and linguistic variables. The main features of the BPO‐patients in this study seem to be that they refer to positions outside themselves and their language is impersonal; we see this as an exemple of a vacillating identity. The NPO‐group is characterized by an intense and rich language, signs of a more advanced symbolizing ability, deixis and high level defenses. The language of the PPO‐patients is poor and its predominant feature is a lack of words; in our interpretation this indicates foreclosure and a lack of i

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01101.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The involvement of morphological representations in reading Swedish and Dutch was explored using a lexical decision task and a sentence continuation task. In Experiment 1, letter strings were studied which were composed of a root and derivational suffix, a nonroot and suffix, a root and nonsuffix, or a nonroot and nonsuffix. Latencies in identifying nonword items increased as the letter strings became morphologically regular. In Experiment 2, subjects chose among pairs of continuations to a sentence. One choice offered at a given point was acceptable in context, while the other was acceptable, or contained an inappropriate stem, an inappropriate inflection, or both together. The latency to choose a correct continuation increased as the foil offered became morphologically appropriate. The results show that use of morphemic representations in reading as reported by Caramazzaet al.(1988) extends from the identification of single morphs to the integration of information across phrases.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01102.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this study, the notion of a favourite object is used as a heuristic concept for things that children are occupied with and absorbed by. According to earlier studies, favourite objects can be grouped into four categories: forerunners of transitional objects, primary and secondary transitional objects, and favourite toys. This initial classification was compared to results of cluster analyses of characteristics of favourite objects among 32 preschool and 30 primary school children, corroborating the initial classification and specifying the typology. The distribution of types of objects was different for the two groups of children, but was not dependent on age within groups or, for the preschool children, on mental development. These results indicate that changes of favourite objects with mental maturation are slow.The softness of the material of primary and secondary transitional objects and the preference for objects that could be kept close to the body suggest that the comforting character of these favourite objects has its root in the child's self‐soothing actions with the objec

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01103.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This note is concerned with differences and similarities between structural models for analyzing change, which are conceptualized within two different modelling traditions: the one based on the classical test theory, and that within the factor‐analytic approach. It is shown that these two possibilities lead to models for studying change, which are indistinguishable when using for data analytic purposes structural modeling programs, such as LISREL, EQS, COSAN, LISCOMP, RAMONA, EzPATH, SAS PROC CALIS. The reason for this data‐analytic equivalence of the two conceptually different types of models is the confounding of their differences in the corresponding implied covariance matrix structu

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01104.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY